Mind and Body Essay -- science

head teacher and BodyMuch of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the flak to come to grips with the problem of soul and body and how they interact. While the philosophical note between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is imputable to the influential work of Ren Descartes, (written around the 1630s) that we owe the first systematic card of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileos fate at the custody of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the worlds first panoptic essay on physiological psychology was published plainly fountainhead after its authors death. In this essay, he proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events. According to his proposal, external motions expunge the peripheral device ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the primaeval ends. As the central ends are displa ced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. This is the reason he has been credited with the founding of the unconditi nonpareild reflex guess. Descarte was the first to talk about mind/body interactions, and thus had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Years later, the work of Nicolas Malebranche was probably the most influential provider of occasionalism. Occasionalism deals with the contradiction that if the nature of causality is such that causes and effects must have a necessary connection and be of a similar type, then mind/body interactionism is unsound. He argued that both of Descartes substances, mind and body, are causally ineffective. His imprint was that Gd is the one and only true cause. There is no influence of mind on body or of body on mind. In order to retain the le gal opinion of God as the one true cause without sacrificing the idea of causality as operative in both the mental and the physical spheres, Benedictus de Spinoza abandoned Descartes two-substance view in favor of what has come to be called double-aspect theory. Double-aspect theories are establish on the notion that the mental and the physical are simply different aspects of one and the same substance. Nonetheless, he agreed with De... ...ssembled a theory of moral development. The theory is based on standards of moral judgement. According to Piaget these cognitive abilities develop only as the child progresses through developmental stages. Kohlbergs theory is too shared out into stages. He proposed triplet major levels of moral reasoning, or development. According to Kohlberg, his three stages occur in that same order in all cultures. ontogeny is closely colligate to socialization, because as we have discussed earlier, nurture, or the environment plays a major role in the de velopment of an individual. Socialization the perceptual parade of shaping an individuals behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to those regardless as desirable in a particular society. Sexuality is closely related to socialization. Psychologists differ in their approaches towards development because the view it from distinct points of view. Piaget, for example, proposed a theory of the cognitive development of children, while Erikson proposed a theory based on the psychosocial development of individuals. Although Kohlberg based his theory on Piagets, his theory focused on moral reasoning.