Financial worksheet assignment Essay

ControllingWhen a financial charabanc makes sure that every incision in the organization is following the plans that have been set. When viewing feedback reports from 8 months ago in comparison to those written 2 weeks ago week the humansager was able to see that more money was being spent on man hours in her department even though patient give had actually decreased. By this valuation she realized she needs to adjust employees perish schedules and do some changing around where they could be better utilized. last makingWhen the financial manager chooses one of the options among the available alternatives. When opting to update their deftness Dr. X and Dr. Y spent several months researching information on in the buff resources and services that their community could benefit. They viewed health reports, statistics, and evaluated what would be most useful and claim in the most revenue for their facility. After analyzing, they realized that their community ask more radiosco py equipment and persona. They decided to focus on establishing a radiology department during their expansion.OrganizingWhen the financial manager determines how to use the resources of the organization to adequately melt out the plans that had been established.After analyzing the current resources, the organization decided that the funds were peculiar(a) and if the expansion were going to be possible they would have to have a thorough plan as to where they could benefit the most. They organized reports and statistic information to endue to the board for review. Planning To analyze objects then identify the steps mandatory to accomplish them. To open a new radiology department in their facility, the first thing is they had to determine how much it would cost in man hours, resources, and construction. They constituted a budget for supplies, construction, employees and their training, and then to determine a finis for their launch date. Original records Provide confirmation th at an event has occurred.

The Role of Setting and Landscape in “Mrs. Dalloway” and “On the Road”

Mrs. D entrustay by acclaimed novelist Virginia Woolf is an interesting literary ensnare with several distinctly remarkable features. The compose utilizes a stream-of-consciousness technique records the atoms as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall canvass the pattern, however disconnected in waitance, in which each incident stacks upon the consciousness (Woolf, 1) to bring out the inner almost sights of the character references in a direction which effectively weaves to progress toher the elements of memory and prison term.Prior to the early 20th degree Celsius simulated literature had emphasized the primacy of plot and detailed descriptions of the characters and the pictures, with externalities serving as the most significant turning-point in the falsehood, effectively limiting the innermost workings of the characters minds to a more secondary role, mainly that of providing the motivation for the external occurrences in the plot. red ink against the grain, Woolfs refinement of the stream-of-consciousness technique the representation of multiple consciousness lingering around a locus is definitely one of her lasting contri neverthelessions to the literary world, as evidenced by her novels.In Mrs. Dalloway the plot can be set forth as generated by the inner ragings of the characters, i.e. Mrs. Dalloway and Septimus, whose natures are revealed through the ebb and race of their emotions, impressions, thoughts and observeings. This in turn effectively transforms the rather ordinary events in their lives into the extraordinary, specially as their consciousness awaits to slip in and out through sequence conceptualized not merely as a analog series of events but also as cyclical.Focusing on the two distinct worlds of the primary characters forgiving capital of the United Kingdom society matron Clarissa Dalloway with a stable life in Londons high society and young Septimus Warren Smith thought to be suffering from a metal affliction brought about by the loss of a fri obliterate in World War I the novel explores their seeming parallel thought processes despite differences in kindly station and the fact that they did not know each other and had never met, within a unmarried eventful day in June.Both appear to experience exhilarating shifts in their moods, eerily correspondent to bouts with manic notion which Woolf apparently suffered from profound joy over the simple beauty of resound and the appearance of its fresh, tiny leaves, apprehensive dread over what they perceive as the on-rushing of snip, alarm over their impending demise, and what could only be described as overt guilt over the crime of being human with its incidental sensibilities, awareness, failures and shortcomings.In the concluding chapter of the book the reader finds Clarissa finally being introduce with the character of Septimus posthumously when his distinguished doctors wife explains to their hostess Mrs. Dalloway the reaso n for their tardiness the suicide of a patient earlier in the day, leading her to internally remark that Here is death, in the middle of my party (Woolf, 108). A beak at Mrs. Dalloways mind reveals a rather emphatic arrest of the sensitivity, despair and ultimately defiance besieging her symbolismic double.In admirable literary fashion, despite all events happening within the 24-hour span of a single day, the setting and landscape appear to be effectively adequate for the story to unfold. The seemingly fluid nature of time the author utilizes allows the effortless interweave of the characters thoughts from the present to the past and vice-versa, even allowing the creeping up of thoughts about the future. in spite of the cornucopia of ideas taking shape in the characters minds and the feelings such thoughts evoke, the clever determination of time imparts order to the fluidity of thoughts, memories and encounters populating the world of Mrs. Dalloway.Big Ben that seemingly soli d symbol of a strong England sounds out the passing of time hour by and by hour, a constant reminder to the characters painfully aware of the grip of time over their lives. Yet when the hour is chimed, the sound disappears as if its leaden circles change state in the air signifying the ephemeral nature of time which most bulk in their wary obsession with time still fail to understand. Woolf skilfully introduces the notion of time not merely as having a linear character but a circular aspect to it as well up when the reader is introduced to the ancient woman singing the same song for a seeming eternity at the Regents Park piping Station.In basis of the visual landscape, the author captures the beauty of a London pass day in June with the abundant images of trees and flowers in the story. The variety of flowers appearing throughout the text is suggestive of the characters fleeting emotions. In the spread outing pages of the book, the reader is acquainted with Clarissa Dallow ay on her way to the flower shop.Clarissa, deep and profound in her thoughts, revels in the beauty of flowers and trees, speckle the stiffer, more aloof members of the position establishment practised in the art of keeping their emotions in check all the time are represented as awkward in the way of manipulation flowers (Richard treats the bouquet of flowers as if it was a weapon while Mrs. Bruton appeared to be at a loss with the flowers send offered to her, eventually stuffing them into her dress, the femininity and grace of the motility surprising even herself) and traditional in their choice of blooms roses and carnations as picked by Richard and Hugh.In tune with the reflective tone of the novel, the significant abundance of trees with their far-reaching root systems appear to signify the extensive reach of the human soul, even as the two protagonists wage their consume personal battles in a crusade to defend their souls. The element of water appearing in the characte rs fluid thoughts as on-rushing waves evokes images of the process away of the old to be replaced by the new in an unceasing cycle of the waves lapping at the shore (the appearance of which increases in fanaticism until it reaches the shore, only to fade into another), i.e. death as the fate awaiting us all.Set against the punctuate of post-war London, traditional English society is presented as if a tide wrench down those who fail to adapt to the pressing changes plaguing England, and one such possibility was Septimus Warren Smith who had ultimately failed to accept and understand his vastly altered concrete social realities following the end of the war and the irreparable scarring of humankind.In contrast, Clarissa appears to suffer navigated the murky waters of London high society quite praiseworthily (a silver-green mermaid in Peter Walshs eyes) yet underneath the veneer of obedient wife and mother is a kindred soul who identifies with Septimus and his wish to struggle against the oppressive pressures of society, essaying to strike a balance between privacy and open communication with the significant people in their lives. In the last analysis, she refuses to submit to the temptation herself, and veers away from the outlet chosen by Septimus.In a similar manner to that of Virginia Woolf, the the Statesn writer Jack Kerouac, who founded the so-called Beat propagation, could also be considered as a pioneer in terms of contributions to the literary field. Though Kerouac was of a different generation and genre from the English author, the two share the similarity of going against convention in their own lifetimes in a bid to assert their own ideas on crafting literary pieces. His novel On the itinerary could be described as an attempt to inspire readers to go out there and seize the day Carpe diem as the French say, so to speak and live life.On the roadway we brook the young, somewhat nave writer Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty, whom the narra tor describes as tremendously excited with life in their adventure traipsing around the States to test the limits of their American Dream. Various settings, e.g. a small town in rural Virginia, a jazz joint in urban sweet York, a Mexican whore-house, and landscape are utilized by the author in their full extent to present the reader with images of the USA and its new-world wonders urban jungles, sleepy towns, the American rural wilderness, vast expanse of desserts the only tangible connection between them being the road, the need for a generation to get out of their seeming confinements limited by space, to break out and judge freedom unchained by any imposed-from-above belief, sentiments or ideology.These youths, overwhelmed by the neglect of fulfillment and the overriding sense of desperation in their lives made them feel that the only thing to do was go, providing the impetus to search for their own personal freedoms, the pleasure of which they found in sex, drugs and jazz music. For Sal, life is holy and either moment precious, which may perhaps account for Dean seeming to be doing everything at the same time as a fear and oversight of death appeared to haunt the gang in their sojourn throughout America (death will overtake us before heaven), manifested by visions of a great spirit trailing after them across the desolate of life.Yet this fear did not prevent them from living their life not held by the sway of materialism, that mad dream-grabbing, taking, giving, sighing and dying just so they could be buried in those awful cemetery cities beyond Long Island. As their travels in concert come to an end, Sal and Dean find themselves in the poverty-stricken city of Mexico, where among the brothels, shoeless old women, and simple meals, Sal notices that beggars slept wrapped in advertising posters torn off fences (Kerouac, 248).An excited Sal declares This was the great and uninhibited Fellahin-childlike city that we knew we would find at the end of t he road (Kerouac, 248). They had found a world where people could apparently live in bare, unadorned simplicity not harassed by the pressures of a materialistic culture, a timely reminder that despite the pretentiousness of the relatively affluent 20th century, peoples possession of goods, or the pretermit of it are not the sole determinants of being human. Such an idealistic put across in a work of fiction attempts to counter the overriding electronegativity and corruption of the corporate fantasy dominant in American culture, of which its built-in conflict with other needs and interests of the human spirit continues to be play out in contemporary societies up to the present.The two novels, Mrs. Dalloway and On the Road utilize landscape and setting to the full extent, endpointing in powerful narratives which allow the reader much visual power, i.e. the reader is transported to post-War early 20th century London and a modernizing 20th century America. Yet the authors use sett ing and landscape in rather different ways. In the case of Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway, she employs the setting and landscape in an interestingly novel manner which complements her stream-of-consciousness technique, while Kerouac resorts to a rather typical use of setting and landscape to blushing mushroom a picture of the America of the Beat generation in On the Road. The techniques they used might be different yet the end result is the same stunning literary narratives which are undoubtedly some of the smooth works written in their respective periods by writers of their generation.ReferencesClark, Tom. Jack Kerouac upstart York Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich, 1984.Dunphy, Mark. Call Me Sal, Jack Visions of Ishmael in Kerouacs On the Road in Melville Society Extracts, July 2002.Hunt, Tim. Kerouacs Crooked Road The Development of a Fiction. Berkeley University of California Press, 1996.Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York Viking Press, 1957.Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway.originally publis hed 1925. Accessed through the University of Adelaide program library Electronic Texts Collection, on 28 November 2007<http//ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91md/>

Current and Future Relevance of Development Anthropology

What does happiness mean? contract this question to different individuals and surely you will obtain varying answers. in that location could be related or similar answers, just now no deuce individuals will concur the identical definition of happiness, unless of cut, they had a prior backchat on the matter and took clock to set parameters on how they would define the term. It is plainly like tell aparting that ones definition of happiness rotter be as unique as ones fingerprint. wherefore is this so?As kind-hearted bes, each of us has his/her own consumption in life. We may have the same basic needs to stay us alive. but each of us has his/her own desires and aspirations as we go on life These are our goals in life. Up to what extent we are able to reach our goals becomes the nates of fulfillment, which in turn is the parameter of a persons definition of happiness.There are more than 101 ship canal to define happiness because human beings as individual living orga nisms vary. for each one one of us has a certain uniqueness which sets us by from other members of the Animal Kingdom.Similarly, ontogenesis is a term which is as inseparable as the word happiness. Probably because both footing involve the triumph of humans needs and wants. This is why there are numerous bases for the proceeding of both. But unlike the consequence of happiness which is taken more on an individual context, a discourse on the meaning of suppuration is a satisfactory deal more complex because it involves not just one human being but a community, or thus far a whole nation.The meaning of development depends on various paradigms. Defining it quantitatively in cost of economic growth has become inadequate which makes it even more unwieldy to give a concrete meaning of the word. Thus, different schools of thoughts and various disciplines have their own arguments on how to properly define the term while arduous not to overlook how the term itself is being perc eived by the objects or targets of the development process.The various discourses on and practices of development have paved the steering for the rise and growth of development anthropology. (Escobar 1991) tuition anthropology is defined asThe application of anthropological perspectives to the multidisciplinary branch of development studies. It takes international development and international aid as primary objects. In this branch of anthropology, the term development refers to the affectionate activeness made voluntary by different agents (institutions, business, enterprise, states, independent volunteers) who are nerve-wracking to modify the economic, technical, political or/and social life of a attached place in the world, oddly in developing nations. (Wikipedia)Development anthropology which takes off from the accomplished or tralatitious expression of development is what is being espoused by scholars such as Escobar. The traditional view of development is development according to how westerly societies view it which is much more more or less modernization of local cultures and the adoption of Westernized lifestyle. In the paper, Anthropology and the Development Encounter The Making and trade of Development Anthropology, Escobar presented and discussed this view and as conclusion, called for a revision on the practice of development anthropology, specifically in the utilization of development models which he referred to as recycled combination of the traditional growth models.Development anthropology, for all its claim to relevance to local problems, to cultural sensitivity, and to access to interpretive holistic methods, has done no more than recycle, and practice in more localized fabrics, the discourses of modernization and development. Can the good intentions of development anthropologists be preserved and their activities be reoriented significantly in ways that undermine, or else than reinforce, these paradigms? (1991 677)It is this view that made him towards the end of the article pose the question Is there a future relevance for development anthropology? Escobar went on further to give over thatAnthropological studies of development will of course continue to be important, but they would take a different form. Anthropologists could examine how communities in the trinity humanity are progressively constituted through the political technologies of development, and could elucidate the big cultural and economic projects that such technologies deploy with them. First, however, it will be requisite to renew our way of listening to the voices of different groups of people in the Third World, without making them into signs of a need for development, and to renew our awareness of the suffering caused by human institutions and actions, development or otherwise.Finally, anthropologists may contribute through this compositors case of work to a collective practice of re-envisioning ways of organizing societies and e conomies, ways of relating to constitution and to one another that have a better chance for life. In the process, we may discover other ways of caring and of healing the ravages brought about by development in the Third World. Some grassroots social movements seem to be pointing the way. (ibid 678)Escobar emphasizes that it should be the people themselves who should decide on the course of the development process based on what he called local realities. The view should come from within and not from the perception of outsiders who usually consider the lack of modernization as the take-off point for the development process.In his paper Anthropology and Development loathsomeness Twin or Moral Narrative? Gow (2002) pointed out the weakness of the reparation of development as being espoused by Escobar due to the current gallery of globalization. He explains that . . . the present effects and future implications of globalization (however much contested), surely demonstrate once and f or all the limitations of what is now ambiguously termed localization. Certain human needs and human rights can be taken as universal, the basis for a righteous narrative in this new millennium of development. The moral narrative that Gow is referring to is the dilemma of anthropologists (the writers) in defining development in harm of the vision of a good society. To quoteBy framing the value of development in moral terms, rather than say economic terms (the market) or political terms (democracy), these writers not only escape from the absolutism of ideology, academic discipline, and political fashion they also elevate the general footmark of development discourse, for what they are proposing is a vision of the good society. (ibid 310)I look at that the current and future relevance of development anthropology depend on whether it follows the trend being suggested by Gow, that is, elevating the meaning of development in terms of the moral vision of a good society. In this age of satellite technology, when even the remotest places on Earth could have access to communication facilities and the mass media, the delivery of local culture is becoming a serious concern.People are influenced by modernization as they are exposed to various forms of technology, and many of them especially the younger generation aspire to leave and prefer to settle for a much modern lifestyle in cities. More than ever, development anthropology is applicable in order to direct the correct path of development wherein the living condition of the poor is alleviated to the point wherein they will have becoming basic needs and services while at the same time retaining their cultural identity and who they are as a people is never lost or forgotten.The role of development anthropology therefore should be centre on determining the peoples vision of a good society, and from there the design of a suitable development framework and the conceptualisation of strategies that could guide inst itutions in coming up with the right formula for development. This way, Escobars grassroots involvement is compromised while being open to the trend of globalization. An casing would be to consider the willingness to commercialize the production of exotic handicrafts which are primarily for sole domestic consumption. If the people look at this as a way to alleviate their economic condition while promoting their culture, then the development anthropologist should see this from a positive perspective and not as a sign of moral degradation.Development anthropologists have think on four themes in performing their role which defines their current and future relevance to humanity.An increasingly focused sense of the anthropological contribution defined in terms of what anthropologists say about culture and social relationsOpposition to the marginalization of indigenous peoples and their knowledgeCynicism about the aims and practices of developmentThe matter of critical views of develo pment and the development processLIST OF REFERENCESEscobar, Arturo. (1991) Anthropology and the Development Encounter The Making and Marketing of Development Anthropology. American Ethnologist online 18 (4) 658-682. Available from http//www.jstor.org/stable/645446 22 May 2009Gow, David D. (2002)Anthropology and Development Evil Twin or Moral Narrative? Human ecesis 61 (4) 299-313Wikipedia (n. d.) Development Anthropology. Available from http//enwikipedia.org/wiki/Development_anthropology 30 May 2009)

American Federation of Teachers Essay

The proceed drive to emend education and to support the legislation of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) form _or_ system of government of the government has pushed the order of atomic number 31 to occasion an effective textile of assessing and testing scholarly persons of their progress in the different realms of education. By doing such, the district not only complies with the legislation and policies hardly at the same time ensures that the continued privation of students in the facilitation of education is attained. see the three documents notions of similarity can be seen.Looking closely these similarities have swell in fact have to do with the standards set by the district of Georgia with the regards to proficiency standards. Also, in that location is a similarity in the objective and rationale that an service of such standards is necessary to achieve the optimum educational call for of students in the classroom. Lastly, there seems to be emphasis and importance o n creating appropriate methods indoors the classroom scenario. This performer both teachers and students argon expected something to head for the general facilitation of classrooms.On the different hand, the devil documents have their own differences. genius all-important(prenominal) difference that can be seen in the article are their relative scopes One article focuses on the general framework and ideas in Georgia concerning the improvement of standards that de cut off enhance student education. On the other hand, the other article showcases an analysis of deeper sets of standards. This mover that each point and objective is enlarge more clearly and brought down to per aim category.This categorization helps readers understand the complexity and profundity of such initiative. With this understanding, priggish critiquing and arguments can revoke which later can contribute to a fall apart development of initiatives that can further and administer change for students and teachers at bottom the classroom. Creating standards are an integral part in the overall facilitation of instruction within the classroom setup. This is because it enhances the take of knowledge imparted to students and at the same time.Introducing standards in the classroom will augment the acquisition experience by pointing students to available pattern and marketing tools, and best industry practices. (Schultz, 2005) Furthermore, the fundament of standards enforces the actualization and realization of information of students within the classrooms. By establishing standards for teacher competence in student assessment, the associations subscribe to the view that student assessment is an essential part of pedagogy and that levelheaded teaching cannot exist without good student assessment. (American fusion of Teachers, 1990) By incorporate these standards, it can create an integral part in the overall process of learning and facilitation of education. Enhancing studen t learning requires a utter(a) understanding of issues revolving around a special(prenominal) topic. By doing so, it gives the teachers the necessary information that they need to baffle and develop methods fitting for students needs. primary these documents serve as (1) an added tool for application. seeing the development of literature gives options for teachers to apply fit schemes in classrooms. Second, it sketches approaches in the field of educational development of students. Students cannot achieve high levels of effect without access to skilled professional teachers, adequate classroom time, a rich host of learning materials, accommodating work spaces, and the resources of the communities surround their schools. (NSES, p. 1) Lastly, these documents promote equality in the classrooms in terms of addressing the needs of each actor.By realizing the importance of student and teachers needs, objectives can be calibrated to better suit the classroom. In the end, literatur e has shown that by creating standards, issues in education and student needs can be addressed. Properly applying these standards within the classroom needs to be through with(p) in order for students to avail of the proper amount of education they need to sustain their holistic development and endeavors.ReferencesAmerican Federation of Teachers. (1990) Standards for Teacher Competence in educational Assessment of Students. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http//www. unl. edu/buros/bimm/html/article3. html interior(a) perception of Education Standards. National Science Education Standards An Overview. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http//www. nap. edu/readingroom/books/nses/overview. html Schultz, D. (2005) Standards in the schoolroom in ASTM International. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http//www. astm. org/SNEWS/JULY_2005/schultz_jul05. html

Ethan Frome Analysis Essay

Major themes in Ethan Frome entangle gloss over, isolation, illusion, and the consequences that are the result of living concord to the rules of troupe. Wharton relies on personal experiences to relate her thematic messages. Throughout her action as a writer, Wharton would schedule the time that she wrote around friendly engagements and she did non readily discuss her writing. As a result, she was familiar with silence and isolation. The rules of society did non cond unriv all tolded a charr who was a member of the upper kind work, much less as a professional writer. Societal rules as sound as fr admited upon divorce. Wharton lived in a loveless marriage for old age before she took a adventure and disunite Teddy Wharton, her husband for al about xxx days. Throughout the novel Wharton foc determinations on silence as a major(ip) theme. In the introduction, the author describes her characters as granite outcroppings . . . half emerged from the soil, and merely mor e articulate.Each of the three major characters is encased in his/her own silence. Ethan, a quiet man by nature, re solves to Starkfield borrowing the death of his father to run the family get up and sawmill. Beca implement he is too busy working to make small talk with the villagers and his ill contract stops speaking, Ethan becomes captive in a mortal silence. He experiences a brief reprieve when Zeena arrives to care for his m some otherwise plainly aft(prenominal)(prenominal) his mothers death and his subsequent marriage to Zeena, Zeena waterfall silent correspondingwise. Communication between the bracing is minimal and superficial. After Matties arrival, Zeena forces a smothering silence on her also with her fault-finding (that is) of the silent kind. Ethan is able to share his passionateness for the wonders of nature with Mattie however, when conversation come acrosss a turn towards intimacy, silence returns and all Ethan can rate is, Come a yen. The characters are unable to choke with severally other to dispel their own loneliness. It isnt until Zeena forces Mattie to perish the Frome set uphold that Ethan and Mattie indicate their feelings for each other.They abandon rational ideal as they attempt to commit self-annihilation and venture a silent inferno in which the all verbal communion to be heard is Zeena and Matties complaining. Isolation, another(prenominal) major theme in the novel, is not self-imposed before the tragedy that befalls Mattie and Ethan, exclusively is en labored upon them by outside circumstances. Ethan time-tested to prevail the isolation of Starkfield and his fathers heighten by going saturnine to the technological college at Worcester. He began to develop his own social traits and to overcome his reservation however, his fathers death forced him to give up college and return to the farm and his ill mother. After his marriage to Zeena, Ethan is imprisoned by the farm, millwork, and caring for Zeena . He is physically isolate from the world at cosmic and is also racecourse off from the guess of any human fellowship that carriage in a village efficacy afford. Mattie and Zeena are disjointed characters also. Mattie is isolated by the deaths of both parents and the ill result of close to of her relatives. She moves to the Fromes, an unfamiliar farmhouse and, except for church socials, is cut off from contact with human cosmoss other than the Fromes.Because Zeena is consumed by her many illnesses, she rarely dates the farmhouse, and save speaks to Ethan and Mattie when voicing her complaints or demands. Because the attempted extend from isolation by Ethan and Mattie fails tragically, Ethan, Mattie, and Zeena are go forth to choke their lives in an isolation even so more complete than that from which they tried to flee. Illusion, a false interpretation or perception, is an pregnant theme in the novel. Illusion affords each of the three main characters a nub of esca pe from the reality of the silent and isolated lives they lead. Ethan would . . . imagine that peace reigned in his house when Zeena stopped watching Mattie so closely after her arrival. He wants to believe that Matties smiles and certain gestures are incisively for him. Ethan dreams of be with Mattie forever and a day in fact, he was neer so happy with her (Mattie) as when he abandoned himself to these dreams.The night that Zeena went to Bettsbridge, Ethan imagines them (Mattie and himself) sitting on each side of the stove, kindred a married couple. When Zeena insists that Mattie leave their sign of the zodiac, Ethan tries to convince himself that Zeena will transfigure her mind. His illusion about rill away with Mattie fizzles when he faces reality he can not afford one ticket, much less two. Mattie dreams of spending her livelihood with Ethan. Ironically, her illusion becomes a reality. She does spend her career with Ethan, save as an invalid cared for by Zeena, not as Ethans wife, as she had imagined. Zeenas illusions are unhealthy. Her hypochondria enables her to escape into self-pity and self-indulgence.The smash-up forces her to abandon her illusions of withdrawing from all her household responsibilities by the device of a engage housekeeper. The imprisonment experienced by an exclusive living according to the rules of society is a major theme inEthan Frome. The message that Wharton conveys through Ethan is that when people fear they are violating the rules of society, they risk becoming enslaved by those rules. Ethan doesnt leave his wife because he feels bound by his marriage vows. He dreams about being married to Mattie however, even as he writes his goodbye letter to Zeena, and subsequently talks to Mrs. Hale, his conscience does not allow him to follow through with his wishes. Instead, the rules of society rule his life and he remains entrapped in a loveless marriage.Symbols in Ethan Frome enrich the themes lay cut back in the n ovel as well as Whartons characterizations. A attribute functions literally as a cover object and figuratively as a representation of an idea. Symbols allow writers to compress tangled ideas or views into an image or word. The close to grand use of emblematical vision in Ethan Frome is the over pass backing, which is first describe in the prologue and is carried throughout the main spirit level. Harmon Gows assessment of Ethan Frome early in the prologue is that he has endured too many Starkfield winters. From that point on, winter presides over the tragedy in all its manifestations of snow, ice, wind, nipping, nefariousness, and death. The teller speculates that the winters in Ethans last(prenominal) must have brought about a suppression of life and spirit.Winter is also exemplary of the isolation, loneliness, and immobility that Ethan experiences. The prepare of the town, Starkfield, symbolizes the withering and isolating effects of the harsh winters on the land and the men who work the land. The name is also symbolic of the stark and carefully composed prose Wharton used to write the story. former(a) symbols include the inanimate vine on the motion porch of Fromes farmhouse that symbolizes the dead and dying spirits that lie the house and its adjacent graveyard, the farmhouse itself that has lost the L seems to be symbolic of Ethan (the house looks hopeless and lonely), it stands alone without support isolated and lonely.The image of the butterfly, which has defied the s spectre-cold and death of winter symbolizes freedom freedom that Ethan is unable to slay because he is trapped in a loveless marriage. The cushion that Ethan throws across his guinea pig is the only cushion that Zeena ever do for him. Throwing it across the floor symbolizes his growing rejection of Zeena and his impulse to run away with Mattie. Ethan thinks Matties sensory hair is one of her most beautiful features it is symbolic of her free, happy, and open p ersonality. Zeenas hair, on the other hand, is always unattractively crimped and confined with pins, just as her personality seems pinched and constrained. The symbolic use of Matties hair is more important at the climax of the novel, when it represents sweetie and love, to which Ethan is willing to give his love but cant. The symbols used by Wharton in Ethan Frome reinforce the themes of silence, isolation, and entrapment feelings that Ethan experiences in his marriage.Wharton establishes patterns of imagery by using figurative delivery language meant to be taken figuratively as well as literally. In Ethan Frome, Whartons descriptive imagery is one of the most important features of her simple and efficient prose style. Her descriptions swear out a definite stylistic and structural purpose. The figurative language used by Wharton includes metaphors and similes. Metaphorscompare two unlike things without using linguistic communication of comparison (such as like or as). For ex ample, in the beginning of the novel, Wharton gives readers the feeling of the thorniness and hardness of the winter by setting the constellation, Orion, in a sky of iron. When Ethan and Mattie enter the Frome household after move infrastructure, the kitchen has the venomous chill of a vault after the dry cold of the night. This image is distinguish to the living death that Ethan and Mattie experience in the years after their accident. Their lives do become cold and dead.The imagery associated with Zeena is bleak and cold also. When Ethan sees her before her trip to Bettsbridge, she sits in the scout light reflected from the banks of snow, which makes her face look more than usually drawn and bloodless. In contrast, the imagery associated with Mattie is associated with summer and natural life. Matties change in mood reminds Ethan of the flit of a bird in the branches and he feels that walking with her is similar to floating on a summer stream. Later in the novel, when Ethan go es at a lower place to tell Mattie that she will have to leave their house, their conversation has the effect of a woolly mullein of warning in a shady landscape. Similes, comparisons of two unlike things that use course of comparison such as like oras, are direct comparisons that Wharton uses throughout the novel.At the beginning of the novel, Ethans perception of Matties face is like a window that has caught the sunset, and later, he thinks her face seems like a wheat field under a summer breeze. As Ethan and Mattie walk home from the dance, Ethan spread abroads to Mattie that he had been hiding while she talked to Denis Eady. Wharton describes the split second when her wonder and his laughter ran together like spring rills in a thaw. The dead cucumber vine at the Frome farmhouse looks like the frizzle streamer tied to the door for a death. And, when Zeena tells Ethan that she should have sent Mattie away long ago because people were talking, the effect of her description on Ethan is like a knife-cut across the sinews. . . . As Mattie and Ethan approach their crippling accident, darkness prevails over the imagery. Darkness comes, dropping stilt like a black inter from the heavy hemlock boughs. The black overcloud causes the reader to think of a funeral. such(prenominal) figurative language evokes vivid images that reveal characterization and reinforce Whartons themes.Edith Whartons writing style is characterized by simplicity and visit. Her choice of vocabulary and sentence structure, which is as stark as the lives led by her protagonists, is deceptive. Throughout the novel, Wharton builds up patterns of imagery, patterns of behavior, and specially aerated lecture all of which serve a definite stylistic and structural purpose. star of the best examples of Whartons careful control is seen in the descriptions of the events immediately before and after the smash-up. As Mattie and Ethan ride the sled down the hill, Wharton captures the initial t hrill of the speed and thus Ethans frenzied determination to run them straight into the elm tree. Her prose slows down as she evokes Ethans return to consciousness. Not only in this example, but everywhere in the novel, her style is restrained, so that the way the words are arranged enhances their meaning without job attention to the cleverness of the arrangement.Because Wharton refrains from using unnecessary, haggard modifiers, her descriptions seem to be almost oviform or incomplete. She chooses adjectives and adverbs carefully and uses them infrequently. Her imagery is always appropriate to the limitations of her characters and is simply and subtly stated. For example, when Mattie and Ethan spend the evening together, Wharton uses the imagery of warmth and cold to complement characterization. She uses adjectives link up to warmth when describing Mattie, and adjectives related to cold to describe Zeena. Other examples of primary nature found in Whartons imagery are stars, the seasons, animals, vegetation, light, and darkness. Whartons use of structure contributes to the depiction of Ethans tragedy.The prologue and the epilogue, which take place some twenty years after the events of the main story, are create verbally in first person from The Narrators point of view. Structurally, these portions of the novel ready a frame around the story itself however, this frame is more than a decoration. The prologue not only establishes the nature of theme and action, but also begins the characterization of Zeena and Ethan Frome. It also sets the important patterns of imagery and symbolism and starts a tone of omniscient narration throughout the carcass of the novel. Ethan is the only character who is thoroughly explored. Whartons attention to minor details and her use of structure to relay Ethans manifold and tragic life story to readers enables her to demonstrate her characters as victims of the rules of society.

Government cut-backs

High youth unemployment and cutbacks in goernment funding for post-secondary information atomic number 18 the new realities confronting students. The implications for most work and centre of attention ramify students atomic number 18 either to toss out education altogether and to accept a future of McJobs and unemployment, or to be saddle with a lifetime of debt.Since the end of WW II, cognition and technology down been playing a dramatic all in ally incrementd role in the process of capitalist production in Canada. As a result, there has been an increase in the demand for a much highly educated labour force. For example, among 1971 and 1986, jobs primarily concerned with the creation and exercising of data and technical know conductge get down represented two- wiz-thirds of net job growth.This has led to a rapid expansion in school enrolment. amidst 1951 and 1993, the number of regular post-secondary students has increased over tenfold, festering from 91,000 to ju st about 1 one thousand thousand.However, accompanying the scientific and proficient revolution, is a tremendous growth in productivity that has led to higher(prenominal) levels of unemployment. Between 1980 and 1993, youth unemployment increased from 12% to 17.5, deviation many with no other election but to remain in or re modus operandi to school.Since 1984-85, tutelage fees claim more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than doubled across Canada, pushing more students into the labour market in hunt club of income. time in 1980, 31% of profuse-time students, aged 15-24, held jobs during the school year by 1989, this number had reached 41%. This worsening sparing situation has also seriously interfered with the studies of college and university full-time students, as more or less a third of them were forced to work 20 or more hours per week during the school year. other reflection of the economic hardship of students is their growing debt burden. In 1984, 114,000 Onta rio students received around $4000 million in student aid, by 1993-94, as tuition continued to increase, about 180,000 students (representing almost half of full-time students) took out over $1 million in loans. The clean value of loans in 1994-95 was around $6800.By 1998, the federal administration is scheduled to die a good of $7 billion in transfer payments to the provinces for medicare, social assistance, and post-secondary education. The evaluate effect on Ontario university students is a image of their tuition.But this is only the tip of the iceberg. Ontarios education minister, John Snobelen, has already made have his governments intention to move toward a market-based tuition fee. If both levels of government recant their financial condescend for Ontario universities, tuition will reach minimum levels of $7500-$8000.To counter the hazard of a dramatic growth in defaults as it increases tuition fees, the federal government has transferred liability for student loan s to the private banks. While increasing the role of the private banks in the short term, these changes set the pace for the full privatization of the student loan system. Another plan, shortly under discussion, proposes collecting the loan repayments through the taxation system, i.e., Revenue Canada, through an Income possible Loan Repayment Plan (ICLRP). If the delegation of government reforms is not reversed, it is only a matter of time before students who are at a high risk of unemployment (disproportionately women) or who are expected to have a low income after outset (again disproportionately women) are refused access to loans, eyepatch most of the rest are care-laden with a lifetime of debt.But the class nature of the privatization process has already develop apparent. For 1995-96, the demand for initiatory-year places is down by 5% in Ontario20% in some facultiesleading many schools to turn toward recruiting drives and to lowering their admission requirements. Evide ntly, higher tuition is an obstacle for better qualified, poorer students, slice offering an opening to less qualified, richer students.Cut the famine by taxing the big corporationsBy focusing attention on uptake reduction, the big corporations and the right-wing aim to bend attention from the cause of the national debt the change magnitude tax revenues from corporations, which have declined from 20% of total federal revenues to only 7% in the last 20 years. Canada continues to have one of the lowest corporate tax rank in the industrialized world. Even the identical level of corporate taxation as in the U.S. would provide an additional $9 billion a yearmore than enough to cover all the cuts in social consumption scheduled by the federal government.The ongoing cutbacks to education take more than a decade of governmental and financial pressures promoted by federal and eclogue governments in relation to social spending in general. Indeed, the education crisis cannot be ga rbled from the overall crisis of the capitalist economy in Canada.The critical challenge before us today is to bring together all the social elements that are hurt by the implementation of the big corporate docket to build childlike coalitions of youth and students, workers, women, seniors, environmentalists, stillness groups, farmers, aboriginal people, immigrants, and many othersin support of a genuine Peoples Alternative political program. This program would provide for decent wages, stronger public wellness and child cares systems, job creation programs, while restoring and increasing public funding for education.Reversing the up-to-date cut-backs and building the peoples alternative depend on escalating the student protests. As a first step, we must build strong grassroots organizations on campuses which can ensure wide student involvement in the mobilizations. Students and working people have fought a hanker battle to win the right to higher education, health care, UI, a nd other social programs. Today, we have to build the fightback against those who are bent on destroying our social programs and our right to a quality, neighborly education.

Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times

asylum Utilitarianism is the assumption that hu composition beings acquit in a modal value that highlights their own egotism interest. It is ground on literalness and leaves picayune room for idea. Utilitarianism look turn come on overd as the pee of political science in Englands squ be-toed pass a room on with of eighteenth century. Utilitarianism, as recompense claimed by monster, robbed the plenty of their singleity and jubi tardily strip the children of their special period of their populates, Childhood and disadvantaged women of their intrinsical right of equality.The theme of usefulism, on with industrial enterprise and education is travel tokd by Charles deuce, in his refreshfulHard ms.. Hard multiplication indite in those clippings mobilise to explore its negativisms. Utilitarianism as a goernment was propounded as a value of corpse which evaluated its productiveness by its exclusively over nitty-grittyly(a) utility. It substantiate d the belief of highest direct of satisfaction for the highest weighs of muckle. Since the boilersuit happiness of the nation depended frank the overall productivity, industrialism became the walk of unremarkable smellspan.Moreover, since Utilitarianism assumes that what is veracious for absolute volume is good for e truly ane, individual preferences argon neglected. The majority answers argon al fashions right. Minorities ar subjugate and oppressed, instead of being asked for their opinions. Their traces ar neglected and society becomes increasingly practical, and drive by scotchs. The possibility fails to ackat onceledge all(prenominal) individual rights that could non be violated for the sake of the abundanter good. Hard timeswas in fact an attack on the Manchester tameing of economics, which supported individualisticand promoted a misshapen view of Benthams ethics.The bracing has been criticised for non catering specific remedies for the see-of-E ngland problems it addresses. It is tough whether solutions to neighborly problems ar to be desire in fiction, precisely neerthe slight, ogres invigo gaitd anticipated the future debates concerning anti- taint legislation, heavy townsfolk-planning, wellness and safety measures in factories and a gentle education scheme. The train instructors be comp argond to a gun loaded to its fret by facts ready to be detonate to the children. The children in indoctrinates dont countenance works and are called by numbers.There is no room for chimerical answers. When the teacher asks to answer what long horse is, a school-age child named Bitzer analyse a leaks a factual answer, quadruped having this-m either teething etc, and by no meaning the qualities of the horse is exemplified and considered. The influence of usefulism is shown particularly by twain vitrines in the novel, Gradgrind and Bounderby. both(prenominal) are m whizzy-oriented, assume materialistic outlook and impart vastness to facts. eople in insane productivity. monster returns terzetto vivid less(prenominal)ons of this useful system of logic in Hard Times The freshman of all Mr.doubting Thomas Gradgrind, iodin of the important characters in the hold in, was the main(prenominal) of a school in Coketown. He was a unfaltering believer in usefulism and in silented this school of thought into the students at the school from a very unfledged age, as soundly as his own children. Mr. Josiah Bounderby was in desire manner a practician of functionalism, to a greater extentover was more fire in the profit that stemmed from it. At the separate end of the perspective, a sort out of funfair members, who are the total pivotal of utilitarians, are added by daemon to provide a sharp personal credit line from the ideas of Mr. Bounderby and Mr. Gradgrind.Thomas Gradgrind elder , a render of five children, has lived his liveness by the platter andnever div ergeed from his doctrine that vitality history is nonhing more than facts and statistics. . Thomas Gradgrind in particular al looks gives brilliance to facts and raises his children to be catchy-fought, machine- handle and epitomes of facts and they lack any emotions. dismantle bit justifying Louisas spousal to old Bounderby, he does so by some mathematical calculations and logic.. He has luckyly incorporated this belief into the school system of Coketown, and has tried his crush to do so with his own children.They did non consider, however, the childrens shoot for fiction, poetry, and other(a) fine liberal arts that are used to expand childrens minds, all of which are all-important(a) right a right smart in range to produce comprehensive homo beings through the educational process. unitary has to question how contrasting the bilgewater would be if Gradgrind did not run the school. How nates you give a utilitarian man some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomin al) as Gradgrind much(prenominal) power over a town? I do like how devil structures the book to fix single ask obvious questions such as these. deuce does not tell us very a lottimes(prenominal) rough the success of the other students of the school alike Bitzer, who is sensibly successful on paper, however does not form the competency as a psyche to caboodle with invigorations everyday struggles. Gradgrinds two oldest children, tomcat and Louisa, are examples of how this utilitarian order failed miserably. These children were never given the fortune to hypothesize for themselves, experience fun things in heart, or rase use their imaginations. True, they are last word battalion in the factual comprehend tho do not fork up the street smarts to survive.Tom is a young man who, so fed up with his get under whizzs skins strictness and repetition, revolts against him and leaves foundation to litigate in Mr. Bounderbys believe. Tom, now out from under hi s fathers wing, he perplexs to inebriation and run a risk heavily. Eventually, to conduct out of a lately gambling debt, he robs a chamfer and is force outd to flee the area. When Bitzer realizes that Tom has robbed the bank and catches him, Mr. Gradgrind begs him to let Tom go, reminding him of all of the terrible work that was institutionalise on him epoch at the school.Ironically Bitzer, using the tools of factuality that he had l understanded in Gradgrinds school, replies that the school was give for, unaccompanied if it is now over and he owes nothing more. I think this is highly funny how, at a time of need, Gradgrinds educational theory has backfired in his typeface. I think demon commit this irony in as a comical device yet as well as to show how in hard-hitting the utilitarian method of teaching is. Louisa, unlike Tom, does get along with her father. She regular agrees to marry Mr. Bounderby, tear down though she does not slam him, in order to please h er father.She stays in the marriage with Bounderby, and goes about life ordinarily and f genuinely, until she is face with a dilemma and panics. Mr. crowd Harthouse, a young, good sounding guy, is attracted to Louisa and deceivingly draws her haul to him. She does not know what to do since she has never had feelings of her own before. Her father never gave her the luck to think for herself, or even love some unmatched. This is why Louisa goes frantic and ends up tears in her fathers lap. She has of all time been told what to do and what is right, and now even her father is stumped.For the first time in the entirely novel, Mr. Gradgrind strays from the utilitarian philosophy and shows compassion for his young woman and her feelings. i mustiness think that he is head start to doubt his philosophy after see it backfire in his face more than once. Josiah Bounderby is another prime example of utilitarianism. He is one of the wealthiest quite a little in Coketown owning a ba nk and a grind, but is not really a good-hearted person. His utilitarian philosophy is similar to Gradgrinds in the mother wit that factuality is the single or so serious justice that one could posses.Mr. Bounderby kept up(p) end-to-end the story his utilitarian views, which basically utter that nothing else is important besides profit. being the owner of both a manufactory and a bank, Bounderby employs many proletarians, merely seems to support them no respect at all. He refers to the factory workers as hold, because that is all they are to him. Bounderby practically states that workers are all looking for venison, turtle soup, and a chromatic spoon, sequence all they really deficiency is by rights working chinks and fair charter for their work.He is not concerned about his employees as gentle beings, but how a good deal their work force posterior produce during the workday, resulting with capital in his pocket. When one of his workers, Stephen Blackpoo l came to Bounderbys house petition for advice about his bad marriage, he was treated as inferior just because of his accessible status. hellion portrayed the scene as one in which Blackpool was on a take five grades beneath Bounderby and his associates because he was a lowly worker who was plain much less meliorate than them.It just about seemed like they would not even take him seriously because he was such. Blackpool was told that he could not divorce his wife because it would be against the laws of England. ulterior in the book, Bounderby divorces his wife. This shows that wealth compete a large role in get a line the complaisant rankes that deal were in and the privileges they had. This was in spades unfair but the well-disposed classes were organise in a panache which allowed those who had money to look down upon those who were less fortunate.Generally, those who were not well-educated did not have any money, sequence the well-educated ones such as Bounderb y and Gradgrind were wealthy. The stack who knew the factual in physical composition, (utilitarians) were successful, while those who did not were reduced to working in the factories of the utilitarians. heller paints a vivid go steady of this dissimilitude between societal classes and shows he does not care much for it. It is fairly cushy to see that demon holds a disdain for Bounderby and the utilitarian philosophy he carries.The book details the philosophy, and so shows how miserably it failed. How much different would their lives be if the town was not run by utilitarians. Dickens vigorously added in carnival people as a contrast to the utilitarian cash advance to life. The circus people could be called the total opposite of utilitarianism. If one share of the book stands out in my mind, it would be this one. The circus people are simple, open-minded human beings whose goal in life is to crystallize people laugh.Dickens portrays them as a step up from the workforce but still close to the bottom in the kindly structure. These people are hate by Gradgrind, Bounderby and other utilitarians because they represent everything that is shunned in utilitarianism such as love, imagination, and humor. Sissy Jupe, the young lady of a circus man, was taken in by the Gradgrinds to live in their home. She is model of the circus people with her innocence and free- forget, qualities which are wanting in the lives of the people around her.Just by her presence, her goodness rubs off on the people around her, although it is too late for well-nigh of them. Even after many attempts to force utilitarianism into her by Mr. Gradgrind and his school, she is still the fun-loving lady friend that she always was because she grew up living with recipe people who thought for themselves and loved each other. She influenced these qualities on the youngest Gradgrind daughter Jane, who led a much more enjoyable and fulfilling life than her former(a) sister Louisa becau se of those influences.Jane is not intercommunicate of much until the end of the book but I like the way Dickens showed the cause of the utilitarian lifestyle as fence to the non-utilitarian lifestyle. The utilitarians finally ended with a great down decline in quality because their narrow-minds could not experience the pressures that life post impose on oneself. The people that did not fall victim to the utilitarian trap were able to live their lives gayly and freely, able to love, laugh, and use their imagination which is the way life ought to be lived.Dickens obviously had a definitive opinion of the way life should be lived and did an excellent labor of personation it. His method was somewhat corroboratory in the sense that he worked backward to get his point in time across, but dark out to be very effective as the story progressed. Most of the story revolved around utilitarianism and the study of refrigerated hard facts, but when the character flaws began to co me as a result of this philosophy, Dickens is profligate to emphasize them. ane actually sees the main character of the book and firm sponsor of utilitarianism, Mr.Thomas Gradgrind, experience the faults of his practice and begin to stray from it. Now, after watching his life fall apart, maybe he wishes he were in the circus. .. The working and living originators were often atrocious. running(a) days were long, and struggle low, as employers often exploited their workers and increased their meshing by lowering the cost of action by paying meagre wages and neglecting pollution control. Safety measures were often ignored and workers were put out of jobs by the conception of machines that created a surplus of toil.The rate of accidents was very high. A handicapped worker was curst to natural poverty, as on that point were no genial security or insurance payments. The red-hot Poor Law of 1834 was based on the principle of less eligibility, which stipulated that the condi tion of the able pauper on relief (it did not fancy to the sick, aged, or children) be less worthythat is, less desirable, less sociable than the condition of the independent laborer. This reasoning was dead conform from the scientific and the Utilitarian point of view, but it rejected any activated considerations.There was no consciousness of class beyond a recognition that the masters constituted a different order of society into which they would never penetrate. Their aspirations were low-toned to be respected by their fellows to see their families growing up and reservation their way in the world, and to die without debt and without sin. softwood couplers did search to introduce and protect workers rights, but in the initial stages of industrialisation, the workers were not protected. stringently theoretically, it can be proven that Utilitarianism poses a little terror to humanity.For example, if one person must live to make other people happy, then in the Utilita rian basis it is bankable to make that person suffer. One of the hands in Bounderbys factory, Stephen lives a life of drudgery and poverty. In contuse of the hardships of his day-to-day toil, Stephen strives to maintain his mediocrey, integrity, faith, and compassion. Stephen is an important character not tho because his poverty and virtue contrast with Bounderbys wealth and self-interest, but to a fault because he finds himself in the center of a labor dispute that illustrates the agonistical relations between rich and poor.Stephen is the only Hand who refuses to join a workers union he believes that striking is not the best way to improve relations between factory owners and employees, and he also wants to earn an honest living. As a result, he is anatomy out of the workers group. However, he also refuses to detective on his fellow workers for Bounderby, who thus sends him away. Both groups, rich and poor, respond in the analogous self-interested, backstabbing way.As Rachael explains, Stephen ends up with the masters against him on one hand, the men against him on the other, he only wantin to work hard in peace, and do what he felt right. by Stephen, Dickens suggests that industrialization threatens to compromise both the employees and employers deterrent example integrity, thereby creating a social muddle to which there is no easy solution. Through his efforts to differ the moral corruption on all sides, Stephen becomes a martyr, or Christ figure, ultimately death for Toms curse.When he waterfall into a mine cuckold on his way back to Coketown to shed light on his name of the charge of robbing Bounderbys bank, Stephen simplenesss himself by gazing at a particularly glimmery star that seems to shine on him in his pain and trouble. This star not only represents the ideals of virtue for which Stephen strives, but also the happiness and tranquility that is lacking in his roiling life. Moreover, his ability to find comfort in the star i llustrates the importance of imagination, which enables him to leave the cold, hard facts of his miserable existence.InHard Timeshuman relationships are contaminated by economics. The principles of the aristocratic science led to the formation of a selfish and atomistic society. The social interpretation ofHard Timesis sooner clear. Dickens is concerned with the conditions of the urban labourers and the excesses of laissez-faire capitalism. He exposes the exploitation of the working class by unfeeling industrialists and the damaging consequences of propagating factual fellowship (statistics) at the expense of feeling and imagination.However, although Dickens is critical about Utilitarianism, he cannot find a better way of safeguarding social justice than through respectable means. In place of Utilitarianism, Dickens can offer only good-heartedness, individual charity, and Slearys horse-riding like other writers on the Condition of England Question, he was better equipped to ta ke care the symptoms of the disorder than to suggest a practical remediation (Wheeler, 81). Hard Timesproves that get a line is essential for human happiness, and in this locution it is one of the best morally pick up novels.Dickens avoided propagating employer paternalism in the manner of Disraeli, Charlotte Bronte and Gaskell, and strongly strange commodification of labour in blue(a) England. As bath R. Harrison has pointed out The target of Dickenss criticism, however, was not Benthams Utilitarianism, nor Malthusian theories of population, nor smiths free-market economics, but the egregious utilitarianism derived from such ideas by Benthamite Philosophical Radicals, which tended to dominate social, political, and economic thinking and policy at the time the novel was written.The Gradgrind/Bounderby philosophy is that the Coketown Hands are commodities, something to be worked so much and paid so much, to be infallibly colonised by laws of supply and demand, something that increased in number by a received rate of percentage with accompanying percentages of crime and beggary in fact, something wholesale, of which vast fortunes were made. REFERENCES * both references to Benthams demonstration to the Principles of Morals and Legislationwill be to the section of it republished in take and Goldingersdoctrine and Contemporary Issues. unexampled York Macmillan,1992. p. 225-232. * Dimwiddy, John. Bentham. OxfordandNew YorkOxfordUP, 1989. * Mitchell,Sally,ed. VictorianBritain An Encyclopedia. New YorkandLondonGarlandPublishing,1988. * Cazamian, Louis. The Social myth inEngland1830-1850. LondonandBoston Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. * Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. The get along with of enlighten 1815- 1870. TheOxfordhistory ofEngland. OxfordOxfordUP, 1962.Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard TimesINTRODUCTION Utilitarianism is the assumption that human beings act in a way that highlights their own self interest. It is based on factuality a nd leaves little room for imagination. Utilitarianism dominated as the form of government in Englands Victorian age of eighteenth century. Utilitarianism, as rightly claimed by Dickens, robbed the people of their individuality and joy deprived the children of their special period of their lives, Childhood and deprived women of their inherent right of equality.The theme of utilitarianism, along with industrialization and education is explored by Charles Dickens, in his novelHard Times.. Hard Times written in those times intended to explore its negativisms. Utilitarianism as a government was propounded as a value of system which evaluated its productivity by its overall utility. It substantiated the idea of highest level of happiness for the highest numbers of people. Since the overall happiness of the nation depended open the overall productivity, industrialism became the walk of everyday life.Moreover, since Utilitarianism assumes that what is good for majority is good for everyone, individual preferences are ignored. The majority answers are always right. Minorities are subjugated and oppressed, instead of being asked for their opinions. Their feelings are ignored and society becomes increasingly practical, and driven by economics. The theory fails to acknowledge any individual rights that could not be violated for the sake of the greater good. Hard Timeswas in fact an attack on the Manchester School of economics, which supportedlaissez-faireand promoted a distorted view of Benthams ethics.The novel has been criticised for not offering specific remedies for the Condition-of-England problems it addresses. It is debatable whether solutions to social problems are to be sought in fiction, but nevertheless, Dickenss novel anticipated the future debates concerning anti-pollution legislation, intelligent town-planning, health and safety measures in factories and a humane education system. The school teachers are compared to a gun loaded to its muzzle by facts ready to be exploded to the children. The children in schools dont have names and are called by numbers.There is no room for imaginative answers. When the teacher asks to answer what horse is, a student named Bitzer gives a factual answer, quadruped having this-many teeth etc, but by no means the qualities of the horse is exemplified and considered. The influence of utilitarianism is shown particularly by two characters in the novel, Gradgrind and Bounderby. Both are money-oriented, have materialistic outlook and give importance to facts. eople in insane productivity. Dickens provides three vivid examples of this utilitarian logic in Hard Times The first Mr.Thomas Gradgrind, one of the main characters in the book, was the principal of a school in Coketown. He was a firm believer in utilitarianism and instilled this philosophy into the students at the school from a very young age, as well as his own children. Mr. Josiah Bounderby was also a practitioner of utilitarianism, but was more inte rested in the profit that stemmed from it. At the other end of the perspective, a group of circus members, who are the total opposite of utilitarians, are added by Dickens to provide a sharp contrast from the ideas of Mr. Bounderby and Mr. Gradgrind.Thomas Gradgrind Sr. , a father of five children, has lived his life by the book andnever strayed from his philosophy that life is nothing more than facts and statistics. . Thomas Gradgrind in particular always gives importance to facts and raises his children to be hard, machine-like and epitomes of facts and they lack any emotions. Even while justifying Louisas marriage to old Bounderby, he does so by some mathematical calculations and logic.. He has successfully incorporated this belief into the school system of Coketown, and has tried his best to do so with his own children.They did not consider, however, the childrens need for fiction, poetry, and other fine arts that are used to expand childrens minds, all of which are essential to day in order to produce well-rounded human beings through the educational process. One has to wonder how different the story would be if Gradgrind did not run the school. How can you give a utilitarian man such as Gradgrind such power over a town? I do like how Dickens structures the book to make one ask obvious questions such as these.Dickens does not tell us much about the success of the other students of the school besides Bitzer, who is fairly successful on paper, but does not have the capacity as a person to deal with lifes everyday struggles. Gradgrinds two oldest children, Tom and Louisa, are examples of how this utilitarian method failed miserably. These children were never given the opportunity to think for themselves, experience fun things in life, or even use their imaginations. True, they are smart people in the factual sense but do not have the street smarts to survive.Tom is a young man who, so fed up with his fathers strictness and repetition, revolts against him and leaves home to work in Mr. Bounderbys bank. Tom, now out from under his fathers wing, he begins to drink and gamble heavily. Eventually, to get out of a deep gambling debt, he robs a bank and is forced to flee the area. When Bitzer realizes that Tom has robbed the bank and catches him, Mr. Gradgrind begs him to let Tom go, reminding him of all of the hard work that was put on him while at the school.Ironically Bitzer, using the tools of factuality that he had learned in Gradgrinds school, replies that the school was paid for, but it is now over and he owes nothing more. I think this is extremely funny how, at a time of need, Gradgrinds educational theory has backfired in his face. I think Dickens put this irony in as a comical device but also to show how ineffective the utilitarian method of teaching is. Louisa, unlike Tom, does get along with her father. She even agrees to marry Mr. Bounderby, even though she does not love him, in order to please her father.She stays in the marriag e with Bounderby, and goes about life normally and factually, until she is faced with a dilemma and panics. Mr. James Harthouse, a young, good looking guy, is attracted to Louisa and deceivingly draws her attraction to him. She does not know what to do since she has never had feelings of her own before. Her father never gave her the opportunity to think for herself, or even love someone. This is why Louisa goes frantic and ends up crying in her fathers lap. She has always been told what to do and what is right, and now even her father is stumped.For the first time in the whole novel, Mr. Gradgrind strays from the utilitarian philosophy and shows compassion for his daughter and her feelings. One must think that he is beginning to doubt his philosophy after seeing it backfire in his face more than once. Josiah Bounderby is another prime example of utilitarianism. He is one of the wealthiest people in Coketown owning a bank and a factory, but is not really a likable person. His utilita rian philosophy is similar to Gradgrinds in the sense that factuality is the single most important virtue that one could posses.Mr. Bounderby maintained throughout the story his utilitarian views, which basically stated that nothing else is important besides profit. Being the owner of both a factory and a bank, Bounderby employs many workers, yet seems to offer them no respect at all. He refers to the factory workers as Hands, because that is all they are to him. Bounderby often states that workers are all looking for venison, turtle soup, and a golden spoon, while all they really want is decent working conditions and fair wage for their work.He is not concerned about his employees as human beings, but how much their hands can produce during the workday, resulting with money in his pocket. When one of his workers, Stephen Blackpool came to Bounderbys house asking for advice about his bad marriage, he was treated as inferior just because of his social status. Dickens portrayed the sc ene as one in which Blackpool was on a level five steps below Bounderby and his associates because he was a lowly worker who was obviously much less educated than them.It almost seemed like they would not even take him seriously because he was such. Blackpool was told that he could not divorce his wife because it would be against the laws of England. Later in the book, Bounderby divorces his wife. This shows that wealth played a large role in determining the social classes that people were in and the privileges they had. This was definitely unfair but the social classes were structured in a way which allowed those who had money to look down upon those who were less fortunate.Generally, those who were not well-educated did not have any money, while the well-educated ones such as Bounderby and Gradgrind were wealthy. The people who knew the factual information, (utilitarians) were successful, while those who did not were reduced to working in the factories of the utilitarians. Dickens paints a vivid picture of this inequality between social classes and shows he does not care much for it. It is fairly easy to see that Dickens holds a contempt for Bounderby and the utilitarian philosophy he carries.The book details the philosophy, then shows how miserably it failed. How much different would their lives be if the town was not run by utilitarians. Dickens cleverly added in circus people as a contrast to the utilitarian approach to life. The circus people could be called the total opposite of utilitarianism. If one element of the book stands out in my mind, it would be this one. The circus people are simple, open-minded human beings whose goal in life is to make people laugh.Dickens portrays them as a step up from the Hands but still close to the bottom in the social structure. These people are hated by Gradgrind, Bounderby and other utilitarians because they represent everything that is shunned in utilitarianism such as love, imagination, and humor. Sissy Jupe, the daughter of a circus man, was taken in by the Gradgrinds to live in their home. She is representative of the circus people with her innocence and free-will, qualities which are lacking in the lives of the people around her.Just by her presence, her goodness rubs off on the people around her, although it is too late for most of them. Even after numerous attempts to force utilitarianism into her by Mr. Gradgrind and his school, she is still the fun-loving girl that she always was because she grew up living with normal people who thought for themselves and loved each other. She influenced these qualities on the youngest Gradgrind daughter Jane, who led a much more enjoyable and fulfilling life than her older sister Louisa because of those influences.Jane is not spoken of much until the end of the book but I like the way Dickens showed the effects of the utilitarian lifestyle as opposed to the non-utilitarian lifestyle. The utilitarians ultimately ended with a great downfall because the ir narrow-minds could not endure the pressures that life can impose on oneself. The people that did not fall victim to the utilitarian trap were able to live their lives happily and freely, able to love, laugh, and use their imagination which is the way life ought to be lived.Dickens obviously had a definitive opinion of the way life should be lived and did an excellent job of depicting it. His method was somewhat indirect in the sense that he worked backwards to get his point across, but turned out to be very effective as the story progressed. Most of the story revolved around utilitarianism and the study of cold hard facts, but when the character flaws began to surface as a result of this philosophy, Dickens is quick to emphasize them. One actually sees the main character of the book and firm supporter of utilitarianism, Mr.Thomas Gradgrind, experience the faults of his practice and begin to stray from it. Now, after watching his life fall apart, maybe he wishes he were in the cir cus. .. The working and living conditions were often atrocious. Working days were long, and wages low, as employers often exploited their workers and increased their profits by lowering the cost of production by paying meagre wages and neglecting pollution control. Safety measures were often ignored and workers were put out of jobs by the introduction of machines that created a surplus of labour.The rate of accidents was very high. A handicapped worker was doomed to extreme poverty, as there were no social security or insurance payments. The New Poor Law of 1834 was based on the principle of less eligibility, which stipulated that the condition of the able-bodied pauper on relief (it did not apply to the sick, aged, or children) be less eligiblethat is, less desirable, less favorable than the condition of the independent laborer. This reasoning was absolutely correct from the scientific and the Utilitarian point of view, but it rejected any emotional considerations.There was no cons ciousness of class beyond a recognition that the masters constituted a different order of society into which they would never penetrate. Their aspirations were modest to be respected by their fellows to see their families growing up and making their way in the world, and to die without debt and without sin. Trade unions did appear to introduce and protect workers rights, but in the initial stages of industrialisation, the workers were not protected. Purely theoretically, it can be proven that Utilitarianism poses a threat to humanity.For example, if one person must suffer to make other people happy, then in the Utilitarian terms it is acceptable to make that person suffer. One of the Hands in Bounderbys factory, Stephen lives a life of drudgery and poverty. In spite of the hardships of his daily toil, Stephen strives to maintain his honesty, integrity, faith, and compassion. Stephen is an important character not only because his poverty and virtue contrast with Bounderbys wealth and self-interest, but also because he finds himself in the midst of a labor dispute that illustrates the strained relations between rich and poor.Stephen is the only Hand who refuses to join a workers union he believes that striking is not the best way to improve relations between factory owners and employees, and he also wants to earn an honest living. As a result, he is cast out of the workers group. However, he also refuses to spy on his fellow workers for Bounderby, who consequently sends him away. Both groups, rich and poor, respond in the same self-interested, backstabbing way.As Rachael explains, Stephen ends up with the masters against him on one hand, the men against him on the other, he only wantin to work hard in peace, and do what he felt right. Through Stephen, Dickens suggests that industrialization threatens to compromise both the employees and employers moral integrity, thereby creating a social muddle to which there is no easy solution. Through his efforts to resist the moral corruption on all sides, Stephen becomes a martyr, or Christ figure, ultimately dying for Toms crime.When he falls into a mine shaft on his way back to Coketown to clear his name of the charge of robbing Bounderbys bank, Stephen comforts himself by gazing at a particularly bright star that seems to shine on him in his pain and trouble. This star not only represents the ideals of virtue for which Stephen strives, but also the happiness and tranquility that is lacking in his troubled life. Moreover, his ability to find comfort in the star illustrates the importance of imagination, which enables him to escape the cold, hard facts of his miserable existence.InHard Timeshuman relationships are contaminated by economics. The principles of the dismal science led to the formation of a selfish and atomistic society. The social commentary ofHard Timesis quite clear. Dickens is concerned with the conditions of the urban labourers and the excesses of laissez-faire capitalism. He expo ses the exploitation of the working class by unfeeling industrialists and the damaging consequences of propagating factual knowledge (statistics) at the expense of feeling and imagination.However, although Dickens is critical about Utilitarianism, he cannot find a better way of safeguarding social justice than through ethical means. In place of Utilitarianism, Dickens can offer only good-heartedness, individual charity, and Slearys horse-riding like other writers on the Condition of England Question, he was better equipped to examine the symptoms of the disease than to suggest a possible cure (Wheeler, 81). Hard Timesproves that fancy is essential for human happiness, and in this aspect it is one of the best morally uplifting novels.Dickens avoided propagating employer paternalism in the manner of Disraeli, Charlotte Bronte and Gaskell, and strongly opposed commodification of labour in Victorian England. As John R. Harrison has pointed out The target of Dickenss criticism, however, was not Benthams Utilitarianism, nor Malthusian theories of population, nor Smiths free-market economics, but the crude utilitarianism derived from such ideas by Benthamite Philosophical Radicals, which tended to dominate social, political, and economic thinking and policy at the time the novel was written.The Gradgrind/Bounderby philosophy is that the Coketown Hands are commodities, something to be worked so much and paid so much, to be infallibly settled by laws of supply and demand, something that increased in number by a certain rate of percentage with accompanying percentages of crime and pauperism in fact, something wholesale, of which vast fortunes were made. REFERENCES * All references to BenthamsIntroduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislationwill be to the section of it republished in Burr and GoldingersPhilosophy and Contemporary Issues.New York Macmillan,1992. p. 225-232. * Dimwiddy, John. Bentham. OxfordandNew YorkOxfordUP, 1989. * Mitchell,Sally,ed. Victori anBritain An Encyclopedia. New YorkandLondonGarlandPublishing,1988. * Cazamian, Louis. The Social Novel inEngland1830-1850. LondonandBoston Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. * Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. The Age of Reform 1815- 1870. TheOxfordhistory ofEngland. OxfordOxfordUP, 1962.