Challenges that Medilink International Will Face When Employing Services in Libya - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1719 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract We all know that todays world is changing and it is getting smaller every day. The globalisation effects our daily lives and the Maltese companies needs to adjust to the fact that we have to work with foreign countries. Nowadays there are many issues that are influencing the Maltese companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges that Medilink International Will Face When Employing Services in Libya" essay for you Create order This thesis is focusing on particular issue that many businesses find it difficult to cope with culture. This study will look at the relationship between one country to another, through this the aim is to evaluate culture as a factor of international business relationships. For this reason the thesis focuses on the comparing and contrast of the Maltese Island and Libya. By means of qualitative and quantitative research the two countries will be compared. The findings of this research will show the differences between Malta and Libya. Introduction Most of the people may think that going to a foreign country is just an experience and will bring different views about that particular country. The outlook of this is based on the meeting of different culture, although people in way will already built a certain vision about that country. Sayings such as: Maltese are more task oriented and hard work driven. When someone will decide to go abroad, sometimes the people will find it diffi cult since local people dont exactly have the same way of thinking. On the other hand, what happens when a business will decide to work with different country that have different surroundings? Are these differences important at the place of work? In todays world the companies are expanding and also are entering into foreign markets, this means that becoming part of the international business is important. As a result, culture collusions are more likely to become visible. The cultural differences between Malta and Libya can have positive and negative effect on the negotiations and this is mainly depends on the understanding of the cultural differences. This dissertation aims is to make a comparative analysis between Malta and Libya. Throughout this dissertation will show some of the cultural differences and also will simplify which of these have an impact on the business relations. The two countries are separated by just 290km of the Mediterranean Sea and through this Libya and Malta have shared a long and entwined history. We can say that Malta and Libya have been trading partners for centuries and also have many cultural similarities, although they both speak different language and have different believes. The Malta Employer Association (2011) explained that at the beginning of the war in 2011 Libya have marked the start of incredible changes to one of our closes trading partners. It also stated that the war took place on our Maltese doorstep that this has affected all the social partners, as businesses having their company in Libya had their operations suspended, the livelihood of many employees was and still there is, at risk and the Maltese government had to strike an unsafe balance between non-involvement, and lending humanitarian support for the civilians in crisis. As I have already said the number of businesses that operate internationally is expanding continually. Through this when a company like Medilink International decided to work with Libya have faced a lot of challenges and these were new and unfamiliar. Culture barriers is one of the obstacles that Medilink is suffering and is affecting the entire company operations. Libyan geographics, demographics and politics can affect the business operations in different ways such as language problems, distance, currency exchange rate, inflation rate etc One of the cultural barriers for Medilink International is language. Nowadays learning a second language is considered an asset especially a small island like Malta that have its unique language. The first language for Libya is Arab and the second one is English. By the civil war in 2011, there were hopes that there will be more intellectual development in Libya that this include domestic higher education capacity and problems to send students abroad. After the death of Gadhafi the country has remained unstable but by some accounts it is showing that eagerness to be involved in the international education circles . (ICEF Monitor, 2012) The currency vary from one country to another, we use the Euro while Libya uses Dinar. For the Maltese businesses and citizens this may cause problems of currency convertibility and not to exclude the problem of exchange rate fluctuations. If a business like Medilink is offering product or services overseas one needs to be aware of the foreign exchange rates while comparing them to other countries. The currency rates are changing from one second to another that this can either move in any good direction or not. Ralph Chami (2012) stated that after the revolution in 2011 the Central Bank of Libya had a lack of access to its foreign assets and unfortunately was not able to sell the foreign exchange with the same market value of the Libyan Dinar that felt at lowest oh half of its official value. Medilink company must be able to handle these challenges to ensure smooth operation of its business. Medilink International needs to keep in mind that Libyan cultur es have different ways of doing business. The most significant thing is to remember to respect and understand the Libyan culture without forcing their own beliefs. Research Problem The research area of this proposal is mainly focused on the broad area of international business. The focal point of this research will be the culture and logistical challenges that Medilink company might encounter whilst deploying different medical and other related services in Libya. During this study I will compare and contrast the continuous challenges that Medilink International face in pre liberation and is currently facing in post liberation in Libya. Medilink International has been operating in Libya since 1993, offering specialised medical services mainly to the petroleum industry in Libya. Throughout the 2011 Libyan revolution, Medilink International kept its clinic in Tripoli functional with the service of a skeleton staff; yet its working environment has surely changed in the meant ime since the revolution left a significant impact on their expatriate clients and the majority of them just left the country. One example of these major changes that Medilink International had to sustain is the reality that like many other foreign companies operating in Libya today, they contracted ‘professional security’ third-parties to escort staff and clients whilst also protecting their premises. Evidence currently shows that companies who have the resilience to maintain a minimal yet continuous presence in Tripoli, just like Medilink International, are most likely to gain ‘first-mover’ advantages in the near future. However there is and will remain, numerous challenges in their business continuation. This is also published in the 2014|2015 Discovering Business on the Middle East Association website. Another example the Medilink International have to maintain is the E-Learning challenges that are in Libya. In 2009 Kenan did some studies about Te chnological barriers. The study shows that technology has the highest percentage of 34%. After the post war in 2011 Medilink International is finding it a bit difficult to communicate with the personnel. As Kenan states that the majority of the Libyan doesnt have internet access and unfortunately Libya is still a way behind other countries in terms of access to personal computers. Research Question One can identify two main variables in this cause and effect relationship. The opening of Medilink international in Malta this the independent variable. It mainly effects the Clinic in Libya that reflect the dependent variable since the business performance is a subject to change as the Libyan culture is changing especially after the revolution in 2011. A third variable can also be affected that is the European Union. After the revolution in Libya there were direct impacts of the instability since there was a high unemployment rate in Malta since they citizens felt that they had a job insecurity. According to the problem discussion the following research questions has been developed: What are the challenges that Medilink International might encounter whilst deploying various medical or services in Libya? Limitations Although this study is careful prepared, I am still aware of its limitations and shortcoming. First limitations would be, since this study is based on a case study the number of interviews and questionnaires that I will distribute will be small and it might that not everyone will finish on time to fill in my questionnaires. The possibility of the respondents can also be biased. Sometimes the company may not want to give accurate information. The survey is to be distributed in a limited span of time. Delimitations Moreover since this thesis is about Libya I cannot do interviews with the management that work in the clinic. Significance of the Study (Stakeholders) The significance of this study is to analyse cultural differences between Medilink International Malta with Medilinic Clinic in Libya. In identifying these challenges between the countries the goals is to try to build a framework of the Maltese culture and the Libyan culture (on the basis of interviews and questionnaire). Moreover, to define which differences will be the most problematic to Medilink International in Malta. The objective is to prepare a set of recommendations to Medilink International about the cultural barriers that they are having. Organization of the study This proposal is categorized into five chapters, in which this proposal will start explaining the background of the study and then the background is narrowed down to problem analysis. In chapter two I have chosen different hypothesis that these are mainly based on the research question and are about the cultural barriers that companies might find when they have an international businesses and have to deal with different people. In chapter three there is the research methodology that this include the qualitative research, interviews, the data collection, and the data analysis. Chapter four will include the findings, what I have found out from the interviews with the Malta Head Office team, especially the Chief executive officer, the general manager, the medical services manager, the recruitment executive and the international procurement executive. This chapter will also include the questionnaires that these will be distributed online by making use of ‘off-the-shelve’ software like Survey Monkey. Chapter five is the last chapter and this chapter will be dedicated to the problems, recommendations and limitations in order to serve as an aid for the future to improve the cultural barriers for Medilink International.

The University Of Utah Health Care Information Technology...

The strategic plan I chose to research was the University of Utah Health Care Information Technology Strategic Plan. The University of Utah Health Care (UUHC) Medical Center is one of the top organizations in Utah that is consistently on the cutting edge of information technology. UUHC is infamous for its revolutionary medical research in the region and highly sophisticated biomedical informatics programs in the country (University of Utah, 2010). In past years, they were the second organization in Utah to implement the electronic medical record (EMR) system and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) process. The purpose of this paper is to identify and summarize the long-term and short-term goals in the plan, summarize the strategic thinking and key stakeholders, and describe the strategies evident in the plan. Long-Term UUHC goals UUHC’s vision involves enhancing a patient-centric clinical organization dedicated on delivering individualized care that is extremely and constantly accessible and promotes patient confidence by bolstering the patient as an involved contributor in their plan of care. As such, their long-term goals reinforce and solidify the achievement of their vision. UUHC’s stated long-term goals include transferring all clinical functions into the EpicCare software and assimilating it with the Epic for Business, which is a patient management and accounting application. The ability to undertake this goal will take approximately four to five years due toShow MoreRelatedMt 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy2356 Words   |  10 PagesUnit Seven Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Study Analysis XXX Kaplan University MT 460-02 Management Policy and Strategy Dr. Carrie A. O’Hare April 22, 2013 Unit Seven Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Study Analysis Introduction The submitted report identifies Scotts Miracle-Gro’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) (Pearce amp; Robinson, 2011, p. 140). Key issues will be explored concerning Scotts Miracle-Gro’s external environment and solutions developed to maximize its opportunitiesRead MorePeace Domestic Violence Agency Essay2172 Words   |  9 PagesPEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 - Program Summary Axia – University of Phoenix STUDENT’S NAME Date, 2009 OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM PEACE Domestic Violence Agency provides a variety of ways to improve the efficiency of domesticated issues, servicing victims of sexual assaults and domestic violence. Their central focus is derived from a strategic mission statement, consequential approach, which essentially regulates the business’ calculated goals. Central Focus: I.) Decrease victimRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 Pages249-7645 ï‚ · AgrawalA11@darden.virginia.edu EDUCATION Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï‚ · GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï‚ · Member of Finance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) and Minor in Business, June 2006 ï‚ · AwardedRead More1234567897581 Words   |  31 PagesAdministration University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812 (406) 243-2920; (406) 243-2086 (fax) Jakki.Mohr@business.umt.edu http://www.business.umt.edu/faculty/mohr/ EDUCATION Ph.D. 1989 University of Wisconsin-Madison Marketing (Emphasis in Organizational Sociology) M.S. 1983 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Marketing B.B.A. 1982 Boise State University, Boise, Idaho ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 2002 to present Professor of Marketing, University of Montana-Missoula Read MoreWal-Mart Value Creation4782 Words   |  20 PagesWal-Mart’s Strategic Value Creation Darien O’Neal Brandman University Business amp; Professional Studies Business Process Analysis and Innovation BUSU 630 Professor Helen Eckmann April 27th 2013 Statement of the Case Facts The key facts in this case analysis are analyzing Wal-Mart’s weaknesses according to Shahzad Trading amp; Consulting FZE SWOT amp; TOWS statements conducted on Wal-Mart and arguing against their theory of Wal-Mart’s Business Strategy. In stating the problem or opportunityRead MoreWal-Mart: Strategic Management11571 Words   |  47 PagesWal-Mart: Strategic Management An in depth analysis of Wal-Mart and its global strategic management and electronic distribution Analysis for Business Policy: Strategic Management. Instructor: Dr. M. Reitzel, DeVry University, February 2007, Austin, TX. Members of the Team: Marcus Bedford Jon Cable Wayne Oulicky Constince Sanchez Table of Contents: Executive Summary.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Problem Statement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 Situational Description and Strategic Analyses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreWal-Mart: Strategic Management11565 Words   |  47 PagesWal-Mart: Strategic Management An in depth analysis of Wal-Mart and its global strategic management and electronic distribution Analysis for Business Policy: Strategic Management. Instructor: Dr. M. Reitzel, DeVry University, February 2007, Austin, TX. Members of the Team: Marcus Bedford Jon Cable Wayne Oulicky Constince Sanchez Table of Contents: Executive Summary.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Problem Statement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 Situational Description and Strategic Analyses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBusiness Research : Mcdonalds Corp.2833 Words   |  12 PagesResearch: McDonald’s Corporation C. Michael Larpenter, Justin Dowdy, Whitney White, Varonika Allen Business Research 351 University of Phoenix Debra Bacon October 29, 2012 Read MoreEssay swot subway3181 Words   |  13 Pagesthe specific business model. The overall picture of the company aligns the policies and strategic in a right direction and helps a great deal toward stable future of the company. The key role of SWOT is to be helped to develop consciousness of all factors that may influence strategic planning and decision making. Besides that, we know the current situation of the company through SWOT analysis and help to plan a future well in advance. 2.2 Company History Subway was firstlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesHR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS

Haemochromatosis Free Essays

In medicine, Iron overload Indicates accumulation of iron In the body from any cause. The most important causes are hereditary haemochromatosis, a genetic disorder. and transfusional Iron overload, which can result from repeated blood transfusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Haemochromatosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminology Haemochromatosis or haemoslderosls Historically, the term haemochromatosis was initially used to refer to what is now more specifically called haemochromatosis type 1 . Currently, haemochromatosis Is mostly defined as iron overload with a hereditary/primary cause, or originating from a metabolic disorder. However, the term is currently also used more broadly to refer o any form of Iron overload, thus requiring specification of the cause, for example, hereditary haemochromatosis. Hereditary haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with estimated prevalence In the population of 1 In 200 among patients with European ancestry, with lower incidence in other ethnic groups. The gene responsible for hereditary haemochromatosis is located on chromosome 6; the majority of hereditary haemochromatosis patients have mutations in this HFE gene. Hereditary haemochromatosis Is characterized by an accelerated rate of Intestinal iron absorption and progressive iron deposition in various tissues that typically egins to be expressed in the third to fifth decades of life, but may occur In children. The most common presentation is hepatic cirrhosis in combination with hypopituitarism, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, arthritis, or hyperpigmentation. Because of the severe sequelae of this disorder if left untreated, and recognizing that treatment is relatively simple, early diagnosis before symptoms or signs appear is Important. In general, the term haemoslderosls Is used to Indicate the pathological effect of iron accumulation in any given organ, which mainly occurs in the form of haemoslderln. Sometimes, the simpler term siderosls Is used Instead. Other definitions distinguishing haemochromatosis or haemosiderosis that are occasionally used include: Haemosiderosis Is haemochromatosis caused by excessive blood transfusions, that is, haemosiderosis is a form of secondary haemochromatosis. Haemoslderosls is haemoslderln deposition within cells, while haemochromatosis Is haemosiderin within cells and interstitium. Haemosiderosis is iron overload that does not cause tissue damage, while haemochromatosis does. Haemosiderosis Is arbitrarily differentiated from haemochromatosis by the reversible nature of the iron accumulation In the reticuloendothelial system. Clinical presentation Organs commonly affected by haemochromatosis are the liver, heart, and endocrine glands. Haemochromatosis may present with the following clinical syndromes: Cirrhosis of the liver Diabetes due to pancreatic islet cell failure Cardiomyopathy Arthritis Testicular failure Tanning of the skin Joint pain and bone pain 1 OF3 causes The causes can be distinguished between primary cases and less frequent secondary cases . People of Celtic, British, and Scandinavian origin have a particularly high incidence of whom about 10% are carriers of the gene and 1% sufferers from the condition. Primary haemochromatosis The fact that most cases of haemochromatosis were inherited was well known for most of the 20th century, though they were incorrectly assumed to depend on a single gene. The overwhelming majority actually depend on mutations of the HFE gene discovered in 1996, but since then others have been discovered and sometimes are grouped together as â€Å"non-classical hereditary haemochromatosis†, â€Å"non-HFE related hereditary haemochromatosis†, or â€Å"non-HFE haemochromatosis†. Most types of hereditary haemochromatosis have autosomal recessive inheritance, while type 4 has autosomal dominant inheritance. Secondary haemochromatosis Severe chronic haemolysis of any cause, including intravascular haemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis Multiple frequent blood transfusions, which are usually needed either by individuals with hereditary anaemias or by older patients with severe acquired anaemias such as in myelodysplastic syndromes Excess parenteral iron supplements, such as what can acutely happen in iron poisoning Excess dietary iron Some disorders do not normally cause haemochromatosis on their own, but may do so in the presence of other predisposing factors. These include cirrhosis, teatohepatitis of any cause, porphyria cutanea tarda, prolonged haemodialysis, and post-portacaval shunting. Diagnosis There are several methods available for diagnosing and monitoring iron loading including: Serum ferritin Liver biopsy MRI Serum ferritin is a low-cost, readily available, and minimally invasive method for assessing body iron stores. However, the major problem with using it as an indicator of iron overload is that it can be elevated in a range of other medical conditions unrelated to iron levels including infection, inflammation, fever, liver disease, renal disease, and cancer. Also, total iron binding capacity may be low, but can also be normal. The standard of practice in diagnosis of haemochromatosis was recently reviewed by Pietrangelo. has been extensively validated. More than 11,000 FerriScans have now been conducted in over 120 medical centres across 25 countries. FerriScan is now specifically recommended as a method to measure liver iron concentrations in clinical practice guidelines for thalassaemias, sickle cell disease myelodysplastic syndrome and hereditary haemochromatosis. Family members of those diagnosed with primary haemochromatosis may be advised to be screened genetically to etermine if they are a carrier or if they could develop the disease. This can allow preventative measures to be taken. Prognosis A third of those untreated develop hepatocellular carcinoma. How to cite Haemochromatosis, Papers

Global Economic Environment and Marketing-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse potential impact of the Brexit on a company trading on the EU market in the UK and other EU market. Answer: Introduction British people voted for the exit of Britain from EU on 23rd June 2016 in a historic referendum. This incident of Brexit led to celebrations for Eurosceptics and it also sent shockwaves to global economy[1]. Under Article 50, the UK will leave the EU by the end of March 2019. After the incident, the price of pound fell to the lowest point and free trade between the EU and the UK will no longer be possible, therefore the cost of supplies will increase. On the other side, the UK companies that do businesses in the EU countries need to reassess the contingency plans as the cost will increase for UK-EU trade. In this study, the potential impact of Brexit on a company trading on the EU market and the UK market is analysed. Benefits and threats of Brexit on that company are assessed. In the initial section, the theory behind economic integration is explored giving evidence from EU-27 and the UK. Possible models of the economic relationship between the UK and EU-27 are identified. In the later section of the study, theoretical opportunities and threats posed by Brexit on a company are highlighted. In the final part, a strategy is designed to exploit the opportunities and avert the threats. Identifying and describing theory behind the economic integration Economic integration is the merger of economic policies among various states through the full or partial abolition of trade and tariff restrictions before the integration. The decision of economic integration is taken to lower the price for consumers and distributors. This also helps to increase the welfare of the country through economic productivity. The best option of economic integration is free competition, free trade and no trade barriers[2]. However, free trade can be referred to as idealistic option and economic integration is taken as the option for international trade where barriers of free trade already exist. Brexit can be seen as the symptom of social disintegration in European section and it is the influence of globalisation. Economic integration has many stages and members' countries may have the preferential trade area. In order to complete economic integration members of the countries must be integrated. Within a geographical area, a regional bloc can be a group of s tates that protect themselves from other non-members countries and from imports. These regional trading blocs are called for as regionalism. Preferential Trade Areas exist when states agree to eliminate the trade barriers on some of the goods or products imported from the members' areas. Agreements are created among several countries as multi-lateral. On the other side, Free Trade Area is created when some of the states decide to reduce the barriers to trade on all products or goods coming from members' states. The EU is a Customs Union as here it is involved to the removal of trade tariff barriers among the members having the acceptance of unified tariff against the non-members. Countries those export to the CU need to make a single payment when the products pass through the borders. Free movement of services, goods, capital and people has always been primary principle of the EU; however, intensive harmonisation is required in-laws of economic integration to grab the openness in practice of continuous exercise. Cutting the barriers from the trade can increase free movement of service and goods that can stimulate the trade. Eliminating the barriers of trade can increase the competitiveness faced by the firms. EU applies 9.8% tariff on motor vehicles those are imported from outside the EU and it can be argued that EU diverts more trade than it makes[3]. In addition, free movement of people and capital can increase the efficiency that enhances the production process by allowing the labour force. In a single market, where domestic market is open for foreign services and goods, prices can be raised to consumers. The EU was the UKs largest trading associate and in the year 2016, the UK exported to EU approximately 236 billion (almost 43% of overall the UKs export). In addition, the UK imported from the EU approximately 320 billion in the year 2016[4]. The UK also faced the overall trade deficit in the year 2016 of 80 billion and the UK has a trade surplus of 38 billion from the non-EU countries. Apart from goods, the UK exported 38% of the services to the EU in the year 2016; these services are included with financial services and overall business services. The East side of the UK has always been the highest proportion of goods imports from the EU. EU tariffs on agricultural products were low. Exports Imports Balance billion % billion % billion EU 237 43.1% 319 53.3% -82 Non-EU 313 56.9% 271 46.1% +39 Total 530 100% 590 100% -43 Table 1: UK trade with EU and non-EU countries in 2016 Source: [5] Figure 1: UK trade with EU and non-EU countries in 2016 Source: [6] Identifying possible models of economic relations between the UK and EU-27 after the Brexit The UK was the part of the EU and it has been dealt with trade deals. There are almost 22 trade agreements between individual countries and the EU. There are five multi-lateral agreements also. After leaving the EU, any UK trade business with the EU will need adherence to EU policies and standards regardless of any agreement adopted. The ongoing regulation in the UK that facilitates single market entry may not change. Only WTO and CETA agreements would observe an end towards direct financial contributions to the EU budget. In case of the free trade agreement, it will depend on the agreement or deal that is negotiated and completely based on the CETA model. Some of the services or goods may exclude from the agreements. Under any agreements, the UK cannot influence the laws of the EU, only EEA (European Economic Area) by Norway can provide some consultation to EU. The UK can follow the Norway Model as Norway has full right to access single market and they accept the EU laws. Norway nee ds to oblige to provide a financial contribution. Individuals from the EU countries can work and live in Norway; however, Norway does not follow fisheries, home affairs and agriculture and justice rules of EU. In case of Switzerland Model, Switzerland is a member of EFTA (European Free Trade Association) and it has access to EU market as they have more than 121 bilateral agreements. Switzerland has to make a financial donation and it does not have a duty to apply to EU laws. Moreover, Turkey Model explains that Turkey is neither in EEA nor in EFTA; however, it has a tiny agreement in San Marino or Andorra[7]. Turkey does not face any tariffs or quotas for industrial goods when it sends the products to EU countries[8]. Turkey has to respond to bear the tariffs on goods import from non-EU countries. There are mainly three types of agreements; one is Custom Unions where countries can eliminate the customs duties in bilateral trade. The members' countries can create a joint customs tariffs for importers from other countries. Second types of agreements are Association agreements, stabilisation agreements, Free Trade Agreements and Economic Partnership Agreements, in which the countries can remove or decrease the customs tariffs in bilateral trade. In the third type of agreement, Partnership and Cooperation agreement, member countries need to provide a general framework for bilateral economic relations and they leave custom tariffs as the countries are. EFTA is a free trade area consisting of Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Liechtenstein[9]. All the four members participate in European Single Market. CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) is an agreement of trade between Canada. Identifying theoretical opportunities and threats posed by the Brexit After the incident of Brexit, currency fluctuation has been happening. For instance, the pound fell to the lowest point in the 30 years. Therefore, exporters will be an advantage if the pound falls and importers will experience the rise of the price of the products. British farms may trade in the global market if the market price rises; the products' price automatically rises in the UK market. In case of the agricultural products, farmers may have the opportunity to sell the goods and services in the European market; however, at this situation, the UK and EU both are trying to reach to an agreement. In case of the online business, these companies are in threats of rising costs as most the technologies come from the US. These will be more expensive. Another threat for the business organisation, after the Brexit, trade barriers hinder Dutch exporters and importers doing the business directly with the UK, it is an important link to the value chain. Free-trade agreements between EU and t he rest of the world no longer apply to the UK, therefore, UK based companies will see the trade barriers[10]. In addition, EU personnel in the UK working in the other EU based countries might have to leave from the UK, therefore, UK based companies will lose the European talents. British based businesses do not find the management time to continue business in overseas as overseas legislation and regulation are getting changed. The UK had done the Brexit because of to mitigate the disruption, companies are facing major challenges from non-EU countries as there no legal clarity[11]. The UK based businesses can try to apply the trade preferences after the UK has left the EU as there is no legal clarity and documentation needs change. For instance, EU business may import the UK goods may encounter an import tariff. British competitors supplying the EU27 are less completive due to trade barriers. The companies that have in-house expertise or services that can help other businesses cope with Brexit. For the EU based companies, they need to find out the alternative of the UK as other EU countries sell more to the UK than the UK sells to them. In the year 2016, the EU based countries sell almost 80 billion in goods and exports touched to the 240 billion. Therefore, the companies will find the other open market for business; it will open up the opportunities for the companies to try Netherlands and Germany economy. Figure 2: UK share of exports of goods and services to EU countries Source: [12] On the other side, the UK based companies need to find the trade opportunities apart from the EU based countries. In the African region, countries like Nigeria and South Africa are starting to moving and maturing to develop as emerging markets. The UK based companies are trying to open up the opportunities in this market by building the infrastructure. The UK farming and agricultural sector is also trying to make improvement in the Russia and Turkey. The UK has been facing the mini-recession and recession always open up the way to innovation for the businesses. As unemployment increases, that could be an advantage for retraining employees to pursue new ventures. This means proactively teaching skills that are relevant to the new economy, such as programming, entrepreneurship. GDP decreases, public spending will also decrease[13]. This means theres an opportunity for co-operative-like work on infrastructure and other public services that may diminish. The companies will be beneficial if they do Financial-technological investment as people are less rusting the Bank, it will be an opportunity for technology to grab this. Designing a strategy which could exploit potential opportunities and avert threats Businesses need to understand each aspect of the business in which Brexit can impact. The businesses need to consider if the companies can terminate certain supply chain as the trade designing is changing. The UK can predict now a free movement of goods, service, people and capital. Business needs to understand the business tariffs and consumers may face the import duties. Business management should calculate the costs and if it is possible, they can raise the price of the products. In absence of the EU, the UK will be responsible for making trade relationship with other countries and the companies can negotiate freely with the countries as well. In this situation, Brexit issue can be handled by the companies through keep going and keep growing at the same time. The company needs to invest in business as crucial time always provides a chance to introspection. Companies need to build for all weathers as delivering the growth in the sneaky economy is always challenging. In this scenari o, the leadership is important to exploit the opportunities and averts the threats of future and trade relationship. Companies can take the strategy of making subsidiaries in the EU countries for trading advantages. Leaders of the business can calculate the costs and if they think it is worth continuing the business, they can establish a subsidiary in the EU based country. If the company does not have an office in Europe, they will definitely feel the risk to set up a subsidiary in the EU jurisdiction. The company can transfer some of the staffs to the EU based country and they can wait for the UK and EU agreement. This will help the company to be profitable enough to weigh the partial relocation and costs of the business. After the Brexit, the companies need to protect the skills and people so that the staffs do not leave the companies. The companies can send the staffs to the subsidiary to understand the legal and trade relationship. The subsidiary can be defined as an incorporated entity made by the host country in accordance with the national business legal form[14]. The foreign company can ful ly own the subsidiary or controlled through collaboration. The legal structure will define the statutory provision and advantages to the subsidiary. The company can understand the economic volatility and competitive advantage through the behaviour of the markets. Conclusion It has been observed that Brexit has made a breach to the UK from EU based countries. A new model of economic integration is necessary for the UK now to continue their trade and business. Loss of momentum is mutually problematic for both EU members and the UK as both know the value of partnership. In addition, the UK has to follow no longer need to follow the agreements of the EU and they can trade with any other countries freely. However, the UK has to follow the models of economic relationships in order to trade with EU based countries. The UK can follow the Norway Model or Switzerland Model. The UK has to contribute a financial proportion in order to trade with the EU countries. For a company, Brexit has posed opportunities and threats as trade and legal relation now in dubious condition. The companies have to face the risks of trade, working conditions, supply chain and financial measures. For the UK based companies, they need to find out the opportunity from the different parts apart from Europe. The decision to leave the EU is a bold measure for the UK and it has made a climate of uncertainty. Companies need to plan for the growth as it is a crucial decision from the alternative. The companies can take risk of setting up of a subsidiary to manage the transition Reference List Allan, G., Comerford, D. (2017). How might Brexit impact the UK energy industry? Journal of International Relationship. 34-45 Baier, S. L., Bergstrand, J. H., Feng, M. (2014). Economic integration agreements and the margins of international trade.Journal of International Economics,93(2), 339-350. Bailey, D. (2017). Brexit, the UK Auto Industry and Industrial Policy.Regions Magazine,306(1), 4-5. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. I., Sampson, T., Reenen, J. V. (2016). The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. International Journal of International Relationship, 02-14 Five models for post-Brexit UK trade. (2018).BBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36639261 Franks, J. R. (2016). Some implications of Brexit for UK agricultural environmental policy.Centre for Rural Economy. 23-25 Jeffery, C. (Ed.). (2015).The regional dimension of the European Union: towards a third level in Europe? Abingdon: Routledge. Kenward, M. (2016). Brexit leaves UK scientific research community in uncertainty.MRS Bulletin,41(12), 946. Kreindler, R., Gilbert, P., Zimbron, R. (2016). Impact of Brexit on UK Competition Litigation and Arbitration.Journal of International Arbitration,33(7), 521-540. Liepmann, H. (2017).Tariff levels and the economic unity of Europe: an examination of tariff policy, export movements and the economic integration of Europe, 1913-1931(Vol. 25). Routledge. Nathan, M., Pratt, A., Rincon-Aznar, A. (2015).Creative economy employment in the EU and UK: A comparative analysis. National endowment for science, technology and the arts. Petria, N., Capraru, B., Ihnatov, I. (2015). Determinants of banks profitability: evidence from EU 27 banking systems.Procedia Economics and Finance,20, 518-524. The options for the UKs trading relationship with the EU. (2018).The Institute for Government. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/options-uk-trading-relationship-eu Wojcik, D. (2018).The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford University Press Wojcik, D. (2018).The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford University Press. Baier, S. L., Bergstrand, J. H., Feng, M. (2014). Economic integration agreements and the margins of international trade.Journal of International Economics,93(2), 339-350. The options for the UKs trading relationship with the EU. (2018).The Institute for Government. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/options-uk-trading-relationship-eu Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. I., Sampson, T., Reenen, J. V. (2016). The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. International Journal of International Relationship, 02-14 The options for the UKs trading relationship with the EU. (2018).The Institute for Government. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/options-uk-trading-relationship-eu Kreindler, R., Gilbert, P., Zimbron, R. (2016). Impact of Brexit on UK Competition Litigation and Arbitration.Journal of International Arbitration,33(7), 521-540. Five models for post-Brexit UK trade. (2018).BBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36639261 Kenward, M. (2016). Brexit leaves UK scientific research community in uncertainty.MRS Bulletin,41(12), 946. Franks, J. R. (2016). Some implications of Brexit for UK agricultural environmental policy.Centre for Rural Economy. 23-25 Bailey, D. (2017). Brexit, the UK Auto Industry and Industrial Policy.Regions Magazine,306(1), 4-5. Nathan, M., Pratt, A., Rincon-Aznar, A. (2015).Creative economy employment in the EU and UK: A comparative analysis. National Endowment for science, technology and the arts. Jeffery, C. (Ed.). (2015).The regional dimension of the European Union: towards a third level in Europe? Abingdon: Routledge. Allan, G., Comerford, D. (2017). How might Brexit impact the UK energy industry? Journal of International Relationship. 34-45 Petria, N., Capraru, B., Ihnatov, I. (2015). Determinants of banks profitability: evidence from EU 27 banking systems.Procedia Economics and Finance,20, 518-524.