PUBLIC LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PUBLIC LAW - Essay Example The legislative or law-making function, which is the enactment of rules for the society. The executive or law-applying function, which covers actions taken to maintain or implement the law, defend he state, conduct external affairs and administer internal policies. Finally came the judicial or law enforcing function, which is the determining of civil disputes and the publishing of criminals by deciding issues of fact and applying the law. The three functions of government should be carried out by separate persons or bodies and that each branch of government should only carry out its own function. For instance, the legislature, executive and judicial branches should have equal status so each could control the excessive use of power by another branch2[Constitutional and Administrative Law Pg 105]. The doctrine of separation of powers has been attributed to Aristotle3. However, the clearest exposition of the doctrine can be found in the France writer Baron de Montesquieu's De L'Esprit des Lois (The Spirit of the Laws) [1952]. In order to answer this question it is necessary to discuss about the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, the relationship between executive and legislature, legislature and judiciary; executive and judiciary. ... The Constitutional Reform Act modifies the office of Lord Chancellor and makes changes to the way in which some of the functions vested in that office are to be exercised. Part 2 of this Act modifies the office of Lord Chancellor and provides for the future exercise of certain functions of that office and for continued judicial independence4. [Constitutional and Administrative Law Pg 109] The Executive: The Executive may be defined as that branch of the state which formulates policy and is responsible for its execution. In formal terms, the sovereign is the head of executive. The Prime Minister, Cabinet and other ministers, for the most part, are elected Members of Parliament. In addition, the Civil Service, local authorities, police and armed forces, constitute the executive in practical terms. The legislature: The Queen of the parliament is the sovereign law making body within the United Kingdom. Formally expressed, parliament comprises the Queen, the HL and House of Commons. Parliament is bicameral, that is to say there are two chambers, each exercising a legislative role-although not having equal powers-and each playing a part in ensuring the accountability of the government. The judiciary: The judiciary is that branch of the state which adjudicates upon conflicts between state institutions, between state and individual, and between individuals. The judiciary is independent of both parliament and the executive. It is the prime feature of judicial independence which is of prime importance both in relation to government according to law and in the protection of liberty of the citizen against the executive. As Blackstone observed in his Commentaries that the administration of common justice be in some degree separated both from the legislative and

Police Brutality Essay Example for Free

Police Brutality Essay Police Brutality, is defined as the intentional use of excessive force which is most time physical but can be verbal to get something done. This can be as a result of the order given by a superior officer or by the officer’s idea. Sometimes some people might need iron hands before they take to instructions or comply with the rule and regulations guiding a particular institution, but when it become unnecessary and unjustified to use force on people to achieve the desired goal, then the police have to be checked. When talking about police brutality we often think that racism or color is involved, but we don’t tend to think that women could as well be a target of police brutality. While in custody of a police officer one might think everything is safe. In many instances that would be the assumption, but what people think may not be in every case. Police have dealt brutally and inhumanely with many women in our society for instance in Stark County, an Ohio woman who was being assaulted by her cousin called the stark police for help, but instead of saving her from her cousin, she was cuffed and sent to the Stark prescient (Meyer, Tom). The woman was then thrown to the floor by deputies and strip searched by the men deputies while still in cuff. The victim was stripped completely naked and left for six hours until she was able to put something on. She was not allowed to defend her case and the worst part of it is that these police officers did not deem it fit to interrogate her cousin on the issue. When the Stark county officers were contacted, they denied the allegation saying that the woman denied to voluntarily remove her clothes. But does this allegation leveled against her worth her being stripped naked? In any case the code of conduct rule for Stark County is that if a woman is being strip searched the person doing the search must be of the same sex (Vanella, Susan). Police brutality if not check will continue to escalate and deteriorate. Imaging a police officer beating a woman to death because she does not cooperate or may be she fails to corroborate the officer’s findings. For example, there was an incidence that occurred in Shreveport in which a woman was brutally beaten while in the custody of a police officer (CBS news). The woman was taken to an interrogating room for a sobriety test, but because the woman declined the offence, the police officer cuts the camcorder off, and then minutes later the woman was found lying in a pool of her own blood. The police had been beating her to death. Though the police officer was fired, it does not have much effect on the police officers generally because firing the officer does not carry same weight as charging the officer to court and sentencing him to either life in prison or death by any means In a study by the feminist majority foundation, LAPD male officers are known to be more involved in unnecessary force than female officers. ‘’ Hiring equal numbers of women in the LAPD would go further toward reducing police brutality and misconduct than anything else the Department could do, said Spillar (Feminist Daily News). Now that we know that police brutality to women is one of the rising problems to our society causing many women to be left with life-long injuries, we have to do something before it goes out of hands. These menace can be reduced if not totally stopped, this can be achieved by making the citizens of a community to come together to discuss topics and help educate those who don’t know anything about police brutality. Being open minded to awareness and just being able to speak out loud in one voice can make Police officers, especially those that are men need to have some kind of surveillance playing when dealing with women in their custody or have another police officer of the opposite sex with them. Also, police officers that are caught treating women badly should be reported and brought to book, this will be a lesson to the other officers who are about to do such things.

Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases

Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases Worldwide, countries are facing various public health problems but at unequal intensity. Low and middle-income countries are more suffering from high burden of disease than developed countries (Lopez et al., 2006). Public health issues in the world have existed for hundreds of years and to cope with them different interventions from different people have been put in place and have been improved over time depending upon new health-related discoveries. In September 1978, World Health Organisation in collaboration with The United Nations Childrens Fund organised the famous International Conference on Primary Healthcare in Alma-Ata, former Soviet Union, where 3000 delegates from various national governments and international bodies convened to find new ways of dealing with public health setbacks. This conference was a landmark in the promotion of population health around the world given the introduction of the theme of Health for All with the slogan Health for All by the Year 2000 (Wooding, Nagaddya Nakaggwa, 2012). In the Declaration issued at the end of the conference, Primary Healthcare was defined as essential healthcare based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination (World Health Organisation, 1978). In this essay, with relevant examples, the explicit meaning of this definition will be discussed. Later on, gaps and lessons drawn from the conceptualisation and implementation of Primary Healthcare in Rwanda will be identified. Finally, the relevance of Primary Healthcare in the Rwandan health system will be examined. A.EXPLICIT MEANING OF DEFINITION OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCORDING TO WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION The definition of primary healthcare, as it was issued in the Alma-Ata Conference Declaration, was general and needed some precisions and common understanding to avoid any misinterpretation. To fully grasp the explicit meaning of primary healthcare, as was defined by the World Health Organisation, it worth, firstly, to break it into basic terms: A.1.Primary healthcare as essential and appropriate activities for promoting the health of the population Primary healthcare is a set of activities aimed at promoting the health status of the population. Through these activities, prevailing health problems that the community suffer are addressed properly by providing promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative services (World Health Organisation, 1978). World Health Organisation (1978) states that the essential services that primary healthcare would provide were : education on prevailing diseases and the ways of preventing and controlling them; promotion of food supply and proper nutrition; maternal and child healthcare including family planning; adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation; immunisation against major infectious diseases; prevention and control of local endemic diseases, appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries; and provision of essential drugs. These services were expected to vary according to the country and community provided their economic and social aspects that they reflect and from which they evolve and health system had the social responsibility to avail essential healthcare to all (World Health Organisation, 1978). A.1.1.Education on prevailing diseases and the methods of preventing and controlling them This component of primary healthcare aims to support personal and community social development by informing them through education for health. The enhancement of their life skills leads to behaviour change at individual or collective level in order to tackle health problems prevailing in their community. Additionally, this activity makes people aware of other factors that determine their overall health like environmental factors, lifestyle and genetics. As a result, people are empowered to have informed options to have control over their own health and over those factors determining their health status. Various ways are used ranging from mass media tools to simple messages transmitted to individuals or to the community regarding the strategies to fight against common diseases in their communities (Wooding, Nagaddya Nakaggwa, 2012). Further, health educational materials can be developed, supplied in the schools by those working in education sector to be integrated in health system. To illustrate this activity in the community, the strategies regarding the prevention of malaria should include the education on what is malaria, its causes, signs and symptoms of the disease, treatment and preventive measures in place. A.1.2.Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition The Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition in the families and in the community in general is a cornerstone in fighting against ill-health. Under nutrition and micronutrients deficiencies mostly in women in reproductive age and children largely contribute to a global burden of disease (Caulfield al., 2006). A.1.3.Maternal and child health including family planning Maternal and child morbidity and mortality rates, mostly in resource limited countries, are still high and more action is needed to tackle this public health issue. Women and childrens deaths are attributed to the causes which in many cases are preventable and avoidable through collaboration of various stakeholders (Wooding, Nagaddya Nakaggwa, 2012). A.1.4.Adequate supply of safe water and improved sanitation This component of primary healthcare ensures that population has not only access to safe and clean water but also to clean environment. The role of contaminated water and environment in spreading diseases is known. The supply of safe and adequate water, sanitation and disposal of liquid and solid waste play a key role preventing diseases transmission (Howard et al., 2002). A.1.5.Immunisation program against major diseases Immunisation against major diseases plays a key role in preventing serious contagious diseases mostly in children like Tuberculosis, measles, tetanus, whooping cough, etc .Women in reproductive age are also vaccinated for Tetanus. A.1.6. Prevention and control of local endemic diseases Some persisting diseases in a community contribute to the burden of disease and are attributable to the increasing morbidity and mortality in many countries. Regular screening and appropriate treatment of these diseases done by skilled healthcare workforce with appropriate health technology are key to the control of them (Wooding, Nagaddya Nakaggwa, 2012). A.1.7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries This component of primary healthcare deals with the treatment of common diseases and injuries that members of the community suffer. These diseases include common infectious diseases that prevails in the community, skin lesions due to injuries, infections or other disease conditions that affect the skin all of which contribute to the burden of disease. A.1.8.Provision of essential drugs The provision of essential drugs contributes greatly in effective management of common pathological conditions in the community. They are of an utmost importance in preventing and treating diseases which have a greater impact on lives of millions of people around the world. Essential drugs save lives and improve health (Balkan et al., 2013). A.2.Primary healthcare as essential activities based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology To achieve its ultimate goal, which is better health for all, primary healthcare should be evidence-guided. Primary healthcare practice has to be based on scientifically-proved methods, techniques, equipments and drugs (World Health Organisation, 1978). To avert health problems, various methods, techniques, equipments and drugs are used in prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases and patient rehabilitation once the disease in treated. Selection of health technology to be used has not to be only based on scientific evidences but also on its affordability and acceptability in the context of local value, culture and belief (World Health Organisation, 2011). For example, primary healthcare providers should use those healthcare technologies that enable clients to have access to high quality, safe and cost-effective healthcare. A.3.Primary healthcare should be made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community All members of the community should equally and universally have access to health services regardless of their social economic standing, religion, sex, age, race, language or geographic location and to ensure that it is effectively achieved, the concept of equity should be taken into consideration. The availability of health services itself is not the assurance that the primary healthcare would be successful. There are other components to be addressed to ensure that health services made universally accessible are appropriately used by all members of the community. World Health Organisation (1978) recommended that states government should make use of available resources effectively by increasing the funds allocated for health and firstly giving priority to the extension of primary healthcare to disadvantaged communities. Countries should make sure that all barriers including social economic barriers are properly addressed by reducing exclusion and social economic disparities to help those in need to have access to health services. A.4.Primary healthcare should involve full participation of community members at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination The participation of communities in primary healthcare care activities forms an integral part in the health system. Central level should take into consideration the role of communities that play in primary healthcare activities planning process. To achieve this, communities have to be enabled to understand their role, especially in primary healthcare strategies and in the development process at community level in general, by providing with them the guidance and the necessary information that they do not have at their level. Once community members fully understand the part they play in the national primary healthcare strategy and in the overall development process at community level, then they are able to give their contribution in the formulation of primary healthcare programmes by examining themselves the health problems that they face in their community, setting priorities, adjusting national solutions to their local communities and organising themselves and put in place support an d control mechanisms (World Health Organisation, 1978). Also, the effectiveness of primary healthcare depends on the use of means that are affordable and acceptable by both the community and the country. The necessity of involvement of other health system components and other sectors that contribute to general countrys social economic development is of paramount importance in the implementation of primary healthcare programmes as health cannot be attained by the health sector alone (World Health Organisation, 1978).The linkage between primary healthcare and other sectors in the context of community development needs a coordinated effort in planning process at the community level. The joined effort from various community development stakeholders results in a sort of collaboration which has a greater impact on primary healthcare. As an illustration of the above, malnutrition reduction programme in less than five should involve community members, healthcare workers, and agricultural worker as they might have the key information that can help in planning process. Additionally, community members can actively participate in the implementation of some components of the programme jointly with other development initiatives from other social economic development sectors. B.GAPS AND LESSONS DRAWN FROM THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN RWANDA The implementation of primary healthcare in Rwanda has been proven to be effective in recent years. Despite the four years of civil war and genocide that left more than one million of people dead, thousands of hundreds displaced and health system totally collapsed, Rwanda has made remarkable progress in improving the health status of its population (Rodriguez Samuels, 2011). The above remarkable progress is imputable to various factors including ambitious political will that predominantly played in key. Health sector reforms which included community health insurance commonly known as mutuelle de santà © and a boost of health services done by providing the incentives to healthcare staff through performance-based financing schemes have also been a cornerstone in the achievements of such results. Furthermore, strong leadership, strong health policies together with involvement of community health workers in participatory decentralisation and effective coordination of donations from health and development partners have been implemental in implementation of primary healthcare strategies. B.1.Lessons to be leant Primary healthcare conceptualisation and implementation, in Rwanda case, offers great lessons to be learnt for future primary healthcare initiatives either in Rwanda itself or elsewhere in the world mostly in resources-limited countries. Rodriguez and Samuels (2011) highlighted that putting in place a strong leadership and accountability mechanisms at all levels, involvement and creation of ownership of health services seekers, collaboration of all stakeholders in planning process supported by evidence-based policies are more likely to help in achieving the desired outcomes of primary healthcare as it has been shown for Rwandas experience. B.2.Gaps In spite of the above mentioned remarkable achievements that Rwanda has made in implementation of primary healthcare, there is still chasm to be addressed.

The Racial Contract :: essays research papers

Charles Mills’ The Racial Contract Theses 8, 9 and 10 I. Thesis 8: The Racial Contract tracts the moral/political consciousness of (most) white moral agents (Most controversial chapter) a. A naturalized account (actual) will help to lead to a prescription. Based on a racialized moral psychology (p.93): Whites act racist without even realizing it. b. Much of the chapter is a long explanation of how whites have brutalized nonwhites (pp.98-101). Difference between cynical and realist. c. Discussion of the Jewish Holocaust: It becomes an outright tragedy only when it is European against European. Quotes Hitler on p.106: d. Whites who do not go along with the contract: Mills argues that there is a choice for whites in the racial contract, albeit it a difficult one - p.107. Going along with things makes us all guilty. On the other hand, if we do not go along, it makes us a "race traitor" (p.108). II. Thesis 9: The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (most) white moral/political/practice a. The â€Å"invisibility† of the Racial Contract to whites, and its visibility to nonwhites, p.110. b. The Racial Contract norms white and nonwhite persons morally, epistemically, and aesthetically (p.118). Given this, what is required for a nonwhite person? c. First, personal struggle for personhood by overcoming the internalization of the racialized norms (pp.118—119). d. Second, cognitive resistance: thinking against the grain (pp.119-120). e. Third, the somatic aspect of the Racial Contract: a politics of the body ( eg., black is beautiful), p.120. III. Thesis 10: The Racial Contract as a theory is superior to the raceless social contract a. Virtues of the Racial Contract: 1. Race should be at the center of contract theory rather than marginalized (p.

Aboriginal Self Government

Assignment: 1 Aboriginal Self Government Aboriginal self-government is a long standing issue that continues to be a struggle for the First Nations People. To truly understand the scope of Aboriginal self-government within First Nations communities, more effort is needed to understand the legislative system that runs Canada. This issue of self-governance has been very destructive in First Nations communities. After signing the Treaties, First Nations People was stripped of their livelihood and from that point on to abide by the Dominion of Canadas legislative policies.One current issue that would be a perfect example is the Nisga People in British Columbia who is no longer under the protection of the Indian Act. The Nisga People are on self-government ideologies however their government still needs to follow foreign rules and regulations not of their own making. It is not my intention to be on the other side of the fence for what they have fought so hard for but when looking closely I would be not in favour of Aboriginal self-government because First Nations People can not truly gain self-government due to the federal and provincial laws that keep them from being a true democracy.First Nations People have been divided and subdued to a foreign form of governance that has trapped them to live by foreign rules and regulations. The systematic destruction of Aboriginal customs has been hammered out by the making of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. First Nations People have been forced to adapt to the policies and cultural customs that have slowly stripped them from their own traditional form of governance. First Nations People had to deal with policies known as the Numbered Treaties dating from 1871 to 1876[1], which forced them to surrender their traditional lands and adapt to European political customs.This form of treaty making can be seen as the final chapter on assimilating First Nations People. It was within these Treaties that First Nations People had lost trad itional lifestyle they have lived for decades what was worse they lost their identity as they were seen as the â€Å"white man’s burden†[2]. The Dominion of Canada had the power to enforce crucial implements of European customs that abolished political First Nation influence they carried for each other as they were subdued to live on little parcels of land that at times were far to small for a tribe.The First Nations people had lost their right to practice spiritual traditions that enabled them to govern their people before confederation. These regulated that were set out by the federal and provincial government stem from the former Acts that have created Canada. A major influential aspect of the change was created from the outcome of the Constitution Act of 1867. The Dominion of Canada enshrined the Treaties and acknowledged that First Nations affairs would be federal responsibility. Not only did First Nations have no say in where their reserve creation but were not g iven a say to where their reserves were allocated.First Nation People were to remain under federal jurisdiction while Canada grew stronger as a country leaving them to live by â€Å"Chief Commissioner Sir Charles Bagot (1781-1843)†[3], who directed administration regarding First Nation affairs. Through these foreign rules, First Nations People have lost their way of being part of Chiefdoms by the inability of self-government. As Dickason explains the power and control many of these Chiefs carried having multiple leaders within one tribe each having their own quality of a certain area such as a hunter, peace maker or one to speak on behave of the group as an equalitarian society.This idea of Chiefdoms would be the final view of true Aboriginal self-government that a nation could achieve, since signing of the Numbered Treaties is the last of actual Chiefdoms in action. This way of political thinking has long changed. Today looking back on these policies that created have captur ed the true idea of Aboriginal self-government which has long faded. In modern day society First Nations reserves remain under the creation of the Indian Act of 1867. This enables the federal government to assume full responsibility over the entire First Nations population.In A People’s Dream Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada, by Dan Russell, 2000, he brings up issues about the federal government making policies that have direct affect on First Nations People and they have no knowledge or say of what happens regarding decision about their people[4]. The federal government has a great deal of power that will ultimately alter how First Nations are dealt with. Dan Russell discuses both the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlotte Town Accord that would have had a major impact on how â€Å"Indians† were handled he states â€Å"Canadian history and laws, since shortly after initial contact with Europeans settlers, have imited the possibilities of easily exercising Aboriginal self-government in Canada†[5]. Once the first wave of settles arrived in North America, the Dominion of Canada created the power to control how settlers and resources were handled which left them also having to deal with the original inhabitants by means isolation in reserves. To look back into history even in the earliest stages of civilization First Nations People were only â€Å"interpreters and clerks, but none at the policy-making level†[6], in order to create change they need to be where these policies are being made.In making these policies and procedures there has been little to no input from First Nations or their leaders. There is an important case to view which is the Nisgas Nation and their take on self-government. In Daniel Raunet’s book Without surrender without consent 1996, he looks closely at how the provincial and federal legislation combined at the time took control of the area without notification to the First Nations People who occupied the area[7]. To maintain a level of self-governance the Nisga people will have to be in the politician spear of politics.The House of Commons where the bill are passed is where the mist influential of self-government truly lies. In order to change policies is to understand that it is not just the community one is from but the nation as a whole that can create positive change that will help maintain a level of governance of First Nations People. Not to say that what happened to their people and the stripping of their land, they in turn did get a parcel that was debated by the Supreme Court of Canada.This political presence known as the constitution hold the power to change policies that will affect how self-government is maintained. In order to gain self-government there needs be to change within the policies that run Canada and understand how the legislative system is very important when dealing with the issue of self-government. This constitution Act not only governs Canada but the Fir st Nations Peoples also. The hard fought journey of self-government seems like a long lived battle that will never be solved or won.In the turn of events to follow the Nisga people have control of their community polices but have yet to fully gain Aboriginal self-government because when to really understand how they run their community they still abide by the federal regulations. The regulations that bind them to Canada will not allow for a new democratic state which ultimately is Aboriginal self-government. Through the indulgence of the idea of sefl-government I find that while making the laws that govern the nation the Nisga People are under legislative regulations. By not having the protection of the Indian Act merely entitles them to utilize their own resources.They have no power to create their own judicial laws enforcing punishment that their people that have done criminal offences. First Nations People no matter if they are no longer under the Indian Act there are still polit ical influences that have the power to alter First Nation communities. All Canadians are held together by the Constitution Act that created the authority of policy making and by attaining a place within the federal government there can be no true form of Aboriginal self-government because we live by federal policies that bind us as a nation.We are all governed by one law, the constitution, and that most fundamental of laws states that existing Aboriginal rights are recognized and affirmed yet have to follow the Constitution. Through-out the historical struggles that First Nations People have faced they still remain with diversity that has set them apart from traditional forms of pre-historic ways of self-government. As Andrew states â€Å"Aboriginal policy as a policy type, and as a concept, is a legacy of colonization. This legacy can be seen in the continuation of policies and attitudes that were introduced when the European colonial expansion was taking place.This legacy remains today†[8]. This not only affirms my beliefs but supports the views I carry on Aboriginal self-government. First Nations People have a hard fight in future events and need to have a voice in the parliamentary system, until then there can be change to governance. Work Cited Armitage, Andrew. â€Å"Comparing Aboriginal Policies: The Colonial Legacy† Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing Ltd, 1999. Harris, Cole. â€Å"Ideology and Land Policy, 1864-71† Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in Bristish Columbia.Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press, 2002. Dickason, Patricia. A Concise History of Canada’s First Nations. Canada: Oxford University Press, 2006. Morse, Bradford. Edited by Hylton H. John. â€Å"The Inherent Right Of Aboriginal Governance† Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing LTD, 1999. Raunet, Daniel. Without Surrender Without Consent. Vancouver, British Columbia: Douglas & McIntyre, 1946, new addition 1996. Russell, Dan. A People's Dream Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada.Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press, 2000. ———————– [1] Patricia Dickason, A concise history of Canada First Nations, (Canada: Oxford University Press (2006). Pg 171. [2] Patricia Dickason, A concise history of Canada First Nations, (Canada: Oxford University Press (2006). Pg 154. [3] Patricia Dickason, A concise history of Canada First Nations, (Canada: Oxford University Press (2006). Pg 126. [4] Dan Russell, A People's Dream Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada, (Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press, 2000). Pg 9. 5] Dan Russell, A People's Dream Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada, (Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press, 2000). Pg 11. [6] Patricia Dickason, A concise history of Canada First Nations, (Canada: Oxford University Press (2006). Pg 136. [7] Daniel Raunet, Without Surr ender Without Consent, (Vancouver, British Columbia: Douglas & McIntyre, 1946, new addition 1996). Pg 76. [8] Andrew Armitage, â€Å"Comparing Aboriginal Policies: The Colonial Legacy† Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada. (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Purich Publishing Ltd, 1999), pg 61-77.

The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness Essay

Correctional Policies Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Correctional policies are the mechanisms put in place to act as rehabilitative guides on offenders and criminals. Based on the restorative theory of justice, several policies are developed to act as guide for administration of justice to all. Restorative principles strive to renew personal damages and communal relationships. Victims are the point of focus and the major goal is to heal and renew the personal well-being and retain the offender’s dignity and trust in the community (Furio, 2007). For instance, victims and offenders participation should be based on voluntary free and informed consent. They must be offered a comprehensible explanation about the process, what is likely to occur because of their participation and the condition at which the free consent may be withdrawn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The participants in a case must accept the essential truth of the offence and admit the responsibility arising from the offence (Furio, 2007). Additionally, these facts should offer adequate evidence to proceed with the charge and law must not bar the prosecution for the offence alongside granting each participant right to seek legal advice before and at all stages of the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restorative justice may take place at all phase of criminal justice system starting from pre-charge, sentencing and release from custody (Furio, 2007). However, the compatibility of the policies find a divers application on different cases. It is best applicable in criminal offences but finds limitations in traffic offences. It is evident that most of the crimes are committed by the youth. This may be accredited to the fact that the offending peak is in the late adolescence. There exist conspicuous discrepancies in the juvenile justice systems whose explanations remain a myth to scholars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Alexander (2010), USA has two systems of justice, one for privileged class of whites and the other for the disadvantaged blacks. This discrimination was demonstrated in 1980s during cocaine crack down that majorly involved black minors. This discrimination is based on color and socioeconomic status of both American whites and blacks (Alexander, 2010). References Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: New Press. Furio, J. (2007). Restorative justice: Prison as Hell or a Chance for Redemption. New York: Algora Pub. Source document

Alfred Adlers individual psychology

Alfred Adlers individual psychology Major Principles of the Theory In his work of developing classical Adlerian psychology, Adler emphasized seven major principles which include; utility of the individual. According to this principle things like feeling, thinking, behaviors and emotions can only be understood well if considered as being subordinates of one’s lifestyle. â€Å"People are neither divided internally nor battleground of forces that conflict each other but every concept of individuality heads in the same direction† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 97).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle of goal holds that â€Å"there exist a single dynamic of personality originating from growth as well as forward motion of life by itself† (Slavik King, 2007). This personality is named future oriented, always striving to achieving an objective which is import ant, successful or even much powerful. Putting this aspect in mental health, it can be realized that the objective is real for social significance or superiority as compared to the general difficulties. Now putting the concept in mental disorder, Dreikurs stated that; [It is unrealistic goal of exaggerated significance or superiority over others. Early childhood feeling of inferiority in which one aim to compensate leads to the creation of a fictional final goal which subjectively seems to promise future security and success] (Dreikurs, 1935:72). It explains that, the real meaning of feelings that are inferior is one that controls the level at which the goal wants to attain in the long run becomes the route upon which behavior patterns follows. When explaining the principle of self-determination along with uniqueness, Adler emphasized that there are factors which influence goals and such factors may include, hereditary as well as cultural factors. However, the goal at the end origin ates from the individual’s creative powers which ultimately make it much unique. In most cases people do not understand or even don’t know what their goals are. Another principle is social context that holds â€Å"As an indivisible whole, a system, the human being is also a part of larger wholes or systems the family, the community, all of humanity, our planet and the cosmos† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 212). By looking at it in this perspective then there are three tasks of life namely; love, sex and occupation. However in the process of accomplishing these tasks, life is faced with a social challenge which entails the process of relating with others. The ways through which people respond to their first social systems, the constellation of families, in one way or the other might end up being the prototype of their world perspective as well as their life attitude (Slavik King, 2007). Community’s feeling forms the fifth principle and holds that;Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More [Everybody has the capacity for learning to live in harmony with the society. This forms innate potential for social connectedness which develops consciously. Social interests and feelings imply ‘social improvement,’ different from conformity and leaving space for social innovation through cultural resistance] (Shelley King, 2008:97). Mental Health principle states that â€Å"feelings of human connectedness and a willingness to develop oneself fully and contribute to the welfare of others are the main criteria of mental health†, (Dreikurs, 1935:45). In case such qualities have not yet developed fully there are higher chances of inferiority feelings haunting an individual. In other words there exists the likelihood of superiority attitude antagonizing others. As a result the fictional objective that is unconscious might end u p becoming self-centered as well as being emotionally explosive towards other people. In case the connectednesses along with the willingness of making contribution are much stronger then, there exists the likelihood of equality. As an effect the person’s objective will be self transcending and of much importance to others. Treatment forms the last principle; it explains that people have to overcome their insecurity feelings by developing real connectedness feelings, apart from ensuring that their significance striving is directed and socially fruitful. By the use of a Socratic kind of communication that can be considered as being respectful, people are in one way or the other given a task of correcting assumptions, behaviors, attitudes as well as feelings that are mistaken about themselves and the entire world. It is true that encouraging people constantly ends up stimulating people to try what they previously perceived as being impossible. Differences between Gender and cult ure In his presentations, he discussed that masculine is the term that relates to the opinion men showing empathy, sympathy and teamwork. On the other hand we have feminine characters which are considered as being less manly as compared to those individuals exhibiting masculine characters, which include high competition, very ambitious as well as very aggressive. For such men to reject their natural muscularity it is a must for them to make what Adler termed as neurotic compensation. Moreover, Adler felt that in the same way women having a desire of going beyond the so-called â€Å"gender definitions of a male dominated kind of society, have to undergo similar protests† (Stein, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Adler’s individual psychology, culture as well as its definition of gender duties is the main fact or in the development of neurosis. In most cases men under value women in those cultures that men dominate as a result their contributions and attributes affecting feminism are awarded much less values as compared to those attributed to masculine contributions. Looking at who differentiated cultures, it is true that things like lying are prominent in cultures that stress human relations while much less in societies that stresses on rules. One can say that individuals in cultures that stress human relations have higher chances of lying with the aim of protecting their relations, while those in cultures that that puts more emphasize on rules have few chances of lying as they need to follow the rules. At this point Adler â€Å"differentiates between cultures that are universally oriented (all rules apply to everyone) and particularly oriented; the nature of the relationship determines how someone will act in a particular situation† (Fiebert, 1997). Personality Development The th eory presents a comprehensive explanation of how personality develops. This is based on the fact that, the theory starts by giving an explanation of the environment in which a child is born. He describes it clearly as a world full of inferiority hence; the child starts as a weak and helpless individual. However, latter on the child learns how to overcome such deficiency by striving to become much superior as compared to those around him/her. Just like other psychologists, he calls this ‘striving for superiority’ which is perceived as being the force that drives all human minds, behavior patterns as well as emotions. Individuals with a stronger desire to be powerful, re-known business people or celebrated writers more often than note overcome their weaknesses thanks to a strong desire of doing so. However according to Adler such excessive inferiority feelings might also result to opposite impacts as well. He states that â€Å"As it becomes overwhelming and without the n eeded successes, we can develop an inferiority complex† (Slavik, King, 2007: 25). Such beliefs might leave individuals with a feeling that is incredibly much unimportant and deserving as compared to others; weak, without hope and motivation for superiority to strive which makes people complete.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory asserts that people in childhood are predisposed significantly by those around them which form the basis of personality developing as well as the ways through which they will interact with others around them. It is true that human beings have their own abilities of making their own choices and set their own future goals. This is what Alder calls striving towards a specified objective, upon which patterns of their behaviors and how they interpret things. The decisions which people make concerning their personalities at early stages of child development will always affect their personalities in future. The theory also explains the effects of parenting styles on personality development. There are two parenting styles that Adler in his theory identifies as having negative effects on child’s personality development in future. One of them is pampering style of parenting; this is a situation where parents overprotect their children. This entails provision of too much atte ntion as well as sheltering the child from negative realities of life. By the time the child attains adulthood, he/she will not have equipped himself/herself well in a manner that will allow him/her to deal with such life realities. As a result children who have undergone such parenting will always doubt their capabilities, decisions and skills. Such people will always be seeking others to replace the kind of safety that they used to enjoy by the time they were young. Another type of parenting identified by Adler in his Individual Psychology is neglect parenting. Shultz Shultz (2004:63) Stated that, [A neglected child is not protected at all from the world and is forced to face lifes struggles alone. This child may grow up to fear the world, have a strong sense of mistrust for others and she/he may have a difficult time forming intimate relationships] Apart from identifying parenting styles that might have negative impacts on the child’s personality development the, theory i dentifies the best parenting style as one which protects children from all evils in the society, but not sheltering children from such evils. This means that children would grow better when they see what is happening in the society. For instance it is not good for parents just to move directly to the school principals in case their children are being bullied in school but it will hold more water if such a child is taught ways of responding to such practices or even means of taking care while in school. Order of birth is another factor affecting personality development. The theory states that â€Å"the order in which you are born to a family inherently affects your personality. First born children who later have younger siblings may have it the worst† (Nadine Bruszewski, 2010: 34). This is based on the fact that firstborns usually receive much attention and pampering type of parenting till the day that a little brother or sister will be born. As a result they feel inferior he nce questioning their significance in the society, some try desperately to regain back the lost attention (Stein, 2008). The middle born are seen by Alder as individuals who never receive pampering and much attention. This explains the reasons as to why middle born children always strive to become superior to their elder ones. This is because they always have a very high superiority need. Just like their firstborns, lastborns experiences personality problems in adulthood. This is based on the fact that, as a child who has grown up knowing that he has very little powers in a family, he sees older ones as individuals with lots of freedom and much superior. Apart from that he also receives pampering and lots of protection from parents, elder brothers and sisters. This at the end makes him think that there is no way he can take any responsibility alone, hence always inferior to others. Changes in Personality over the Lifespan Adler’s individual psychology explains that personalit y changes shows growth as well as well as forward movement of life. At childhood individuals â€Å"start their lives smaller, weaker, and less socially and intellectually competent than the adults around them† (Hoffman, 1994). However they always have a desire of growing up to become adults with various capabilities. Such kids then acquire skills in a gradual manner to later demonstrate their competence. In addition, people get to gain confidence along with self esteem as they continue growing up. However, this force of natural strive might be held back in case personal picture has undergone degradation as a result of intellectual, physical and social development failures. Apart from failures such individuals might suffer from criticisms coming from parents, peers and teachers. In case individuals are moving on well, they also start feeling competent hence can afford thinking about others. In case the movement is not right, meaning that life is getting the best good of indivi duals, then the opposite is true, as more attention will be about oneself. This might make individuals feel what Adler called inferiority complex. â€Å"This scenario makes them â€Å"shy and timid, insecure, indecisive, cowardly, submissive, compliant, and so on† (Boeree, George, 1997). People experiencing inferiority complex lacks what Adler refers to as social interests. This factor makes them to be egocentric; as they will always focus on themselves along with everything they perceive being their deficiencies. These individuals strive with the desire to improve their knowledge and skills. When individuals start developing fictional goals they then start pulling themselves up as a result of their bootstraps. Apart from serving as the significant reason of orienting people in the world, it also acts as a compensatory defense which has the ability of creating positive feelings in the current feelings with the aim of eliminating inferiority feelings (Stein, 2008:152). Peopl e attaining this stage ends up, developing what Adler calls superiority complex. This behavior entails covering inferiority complex by acting in a manner that shows that such people are superior. Basically, from birth to death people strive with the aim of overcoming, expanding, growing, completing and looking for security. Individual Psychology in the Modern World This theory fits well in the modern society as it is still the model of personality; the foundation of methods used in the development of minds, as well as personal growth. It is true that in the current society, everyone is still a representative of what Adler called â€Å"a unity of personality and the individual then fashions that unity (Stein, 2008). In addition the theory has enabled practitioners to a wide variety of techniques like art and drama therapies, which have proved much effective in the process of relieving sufferings as well as promoting positive change along with empowerment. Looking at it from mind dev elopment perspective, stresses on social interactions and contributions has remained to be the most significant but constant factor. This is because the higher the social interests, the lesser the inferiority feelings that an individual might have (Rocky Libby, 2010). It should be realized that till now lifestyle formulation as well as consistent usage of collected data with the aim of demonstrating individuals to themselves, is a unique technique that was copied from Adler’s individual psychology theory and till now it has been preserved. As a result this has been effective in the process of interpreting individual’s behaviors and teaching life philosophy. Apart from that it has been of help in the process of prodding people into actions. It has also gained much application in the development of minds. Looking at the issue of holism which was proposed by South African Philosopher known as Smut, which was latter taken to heart by Adler, it has been of great significan ce in viewing an individual as whole other than seeing him as parts. Additionally he changed the idea of individual’s personality to style of life, which the modern world is calling lifestyle. This alteration holds more water in the current society as it means the way people life, deal with conflicting issues and their relation with each other. Things of the past have lost meaning in the present society since people no longer determine their future based on the past experiences. In the modern society it is not a must that if c and d happened then y and z must happen. However the modern society has copied Adler’s principle that motivation entails moving towards the future which is in line with Adler’s individual personality. The current society doesn’t depend on the past to drive their future (Hoffman, 1994). References Boeree, C. George, G. (1997). Alfred Adler. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.6 (5), 245-256. Dreikurs, R.  (1935). An Introduction to Individual Psychology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner Co.Ltd. Fiebert, M. (1997). In and out of Freuds shadow: A chronology of Adlers relationship with Freud. Individual Psychology, 53(3), 241-269. Hoffman, E. (1994). The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology. 5(3), 54-73. Nadine E. Bruszewski, V. (2010). Applying individual psychology to a Universitys sustainability initiative. Individual Psychology, 64(3), 241-269. Rocky, G. Libby, L. (2010). Individual psychology and individual differences in psycho-physiology. The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research, and Practice, 63(3), 2-17. Shelley, C. King, R. (2008). Community feeling and social interest: Adlerian parallels, synergy, and differences with the field of community psychology. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18(1), 96-107. Shultz, D. Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of personality. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Slav ik, S. King, R. (2007). Adlerian therapeutic strategy. The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology, 37(1), 3-16. Stein, T. (2008). Adlers legacy: Past, present and future. Journal of Individual Psychology, 64 (1), 4–20.

10 Unexpected Realities of Self-Publishing Your Books

10 Unexpected Realities of Self-Publishing Your Books 10 Surprising Realities of Self-Publishing Your Books I know it seems easy.You’re probably thinking that self-publishing is nothing more than uploading a document to the web and hitting an all-powerful â€Å"PUBLISH† button.You’re far from the truth.In all honesty, self-publishing is certainly a process. There’s a reason big-name publishing houses have beenaround for so long; they take care of a lot of the work. You do all the creative thinking while they do the other heavy lifting.But that also means they get a (very) big cut of your earning. Your hard-earned income. But all of that’s already been discussed.Instead, we’ll talk about what you can actually expect when you decide to put yourself first and commit to self-publishing.And believe me, I know it’s a hard choice to make.Taking that leap can be difficult, especially if you’re not sure what to expect. Let us do some decluttering of your mind by cluing you in on some of the unexpected realities of self-publishing your book!#1 You’ll become a tech-savvy self-publishing whizA lot of technical coordination needs to happen in order to self-publish your book.You’ll have to:Write the bookGet it formattedGet a cover designedCombine into one productCreate online self-publishing accountsUpload materials to the accountsCoordinate your launch team in a single placeThere is more but I think you get the idea.Self-publishing involves a number of different technical capabilities you probably don’t know of before starting the process.And because you’ll be responsible for the entirety of your publishing journey, you’ll learn a lot about all of the different platforms you’ll need to make it happen which is made a lot easier with a program that shows you exactly what you need to do, when to do it, and how to get it done. #2 A lot more incomeYou probably think of self-published authors as the â€Å"starving artist† type, forever playing catch-up with bills and life in gene ral.In reality, that couldn’t be further from the truth.That fact is, self-publishing gets a really bad reputation for bankrupting those who pursue its path. And sure, some people may have spent a lot of time and money on their book only for it to tank.But those people often decide to go it completely alone instead of using a program or guideline of sorts to ensure they succeed.If you do work hard and pursue self-publishing by learning from those who have done it before, you can actually expect some cushy additional income.Why is that, you ask?Because you don’t have to fork over a chunk of your earnings to a publisher. Because you are the publisher. #3 You’ll learn a lot about yourselfThis is especially true if you’re writing non-fiction but it’s just as meaningful for fiction authors as well.Writing a book takes a lot of your own experiences, values, and meaningful content to you. That means you get to do some digging into your psyche to uncover the very core of who you are. And if youre writing a memoir, be prepared for a lot of this.That’s a bit deep, but I really want you to understand just how much you can learn about yourself from self-publishing a book.And it’s not even all about the writing itself, either.Self-publishing takes a lot of drive, ambition, and a very determined individual.It’s a challenge and whenever we enter into challenging times in our lives, we learn more about ourselves than ever before.Self-publishing a book is the same.Through your writing, editing, rewriting, marketing, and self-publishing journey, you can figure out more of who you are and what you want out of life.And that alone is worth it.#4 You’ll make amazing connectionsNetworking isn’t really something many people think of when they consider self-publishing.In fact, most people assume self-published authors are shut-ins who spend all their time shrouded in thick blankets with a steaming mug of spiked co ffee between their hands.But when you have to market and ask others for advice or even if you become a member of a powerful self-publishing group, you meet all kinds of people.And knowing talented, hardworking individuals will only help you reach your goals faster.The point is, self-publishing helps you build those connections you might not otherwise get. After all, self-published authors stick together.#5 You build almost-instant credibility The crazy thing about self-publishing is how much other’s view of you changes.Before, you may have just been a blogger with a business that just wouldnt take off. After you have a book available, others will see you as an authority figure in your field.They will feel more comfortable paying for your products or services simply because you wrote a book.It might seem a little silly because your knowledge base is the same, but when a potential customer can purchase your book, they instantly see you as someone with expert knowledge and this increases the likelihood that they’ll buy from you.Even if you’re not a business owner, self-publishing a book will still give you a boost in the eyes of strangers and even people you know well.#6 Opportunities will come knockingWe like to refer to self-publishing a book as opening the door to Narnia. Once you go through with the process, you will throw yourself into an entirely new world where opportunities basically fall into your lap.By this I mean that you might be contacted for speaking gigs, bring in more high-value clients, get requests for interviews, and more.Because publishing a book places you as an authority figure and heightens your credibility, more people will want to hear what you have to say on the subject.This could lead you down new roads, offer new business ventures (like this entire company!), and change your entire life just because you decided to take action and self-publish a book.#7 Your business will flourishThis is the amazing thing about self-publishing a book. When your credibility sky-rockets, so will your business.In fact, most aspects of your life will flourish but a book will directly aid your business (and even your side-hustle!).Take our alumnus Ashley Emma, for example. After the launch of her book, her business generated $24,000 specifically from her book Fearless Author.So if your business is struggling and you need a new way to bring in sales, writing and self-publishing a book is a fantastic method to do so.#8 You’ll want to write another book ASAPThe process of self-publishing can be a long and arduous one and you’ll still want to publish another book as soon as you can.Why? Because of everything you gain from it.Many of our students love what having a self-published book offers so much that they dive into the program again in order to write another one.In fact, one of our alumni (and now one of our Coaches!), Lise Cartwright, has self-published 26 books simply because of the opportunit ies she’s gained through doing so.One of the (arguably) best opportunities granted was becoming part of the Self-Publishing School team behind the scenes by teaching and helping other students find the same success she did.Bottom line: you might become addicted to writing books. #9 You’ll generate tons of new ideasWriting a book forces you into a quicksand-like imaginative headspace. The more you write, the more you understand what else you can be writing and you end up in a pit of creativity that releases your mind and allows you to think outside the box. You practically get sucked into creative thinking.Meaning, you’ll come up with so many new ideas for other books, blog posts, or even business ventures.Think of your creativity like a muscle and self-publishing as the gym.Each time you sit down to further your self-publishing progress, the more creative you will become.#10 You’ll become a routine-writerBefore you learn the real process of self-publish ing a book, you probably only ever wrote when you were inspired.And thats not always useful.You’ve always had this book idea and would spend bursts of time typing out so much contentonly to lose that inspiration the next dayand the nextand the next, until you basically forget all about it.When you actually self-publish a book, you learn that becoming an author isn’t just about writing when you want to but writing anyway.The best part about this?You write faster, become better, and can publish much sooner than if you waited around for inspiration to find you.Your Next Steps Toward Self-Publishing SuccessNow you know just how much you can expect to gain from self-publishing a book. But how do you get started? What steps do you need to takeright now?Ive got those answers right here for you:#1 Join your free trainingAre you ready to take the first step toward your self-publishing journey? Then make sure to save your spot and sign up for ourfree video training!Chandler Bol t, 6-time bestselling authorand our super knowledgeable CEO, will take you through exactly what you need to go from blank page to published author in 90 daysor even less if youre really ambitious!

Autism

Autism Essay Autism Essay 3 An Assessment of Autism Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that causes a lifelong developmental disability. The many different symptoms of autism can occur by themselves or in combination with other conditions such as: mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and epilepsy. Children with autism vary widely in their abilities and behavior. Each symptom may appear differently in each child. Children with autism often show some forms of bizarre, repetitive behavior called stereotyped behavior. Each child with autism is unique, with their own individual range of symptoms and behaviors. Broad areas of similarity have been identified so that it is now possible to make some basic general statements about what children with autism are like as a group. Some symptoms and characteristics are: failure to develop normal socialization, problems in speech, language, and communication, strange relationships to objects and events, unusual responses to sensory stimulation, and progress delays. Autism 4 Scientists do not know why some children have autism. Studies have found that people with autism have differences in the structure of their cerebellums. Research is still unclear to be able to draw conclusions to biological and genetic causes. Scientists have only identified one specific genetic connection with autism. A genetic syndrome called, fragile X syndrome. Fragile X syndrome is a recently discovered form of genetically caused mental retardation. Both sexes are affected by fragile X syndrome, with males usually more seriously affected. Children with fragile X syndrome can have behavior problems such as: hyperactivity, aggression, self-injury, and autistic-like behaviors. Severe language delays and problems are common. Delayed motor development and poor sensory skills are also disabilities associated with fragile X syndrome (Jordan Powell, 1995). In the United States, there are at least 400,000 people with autism, about one-third of them are children. Autism is one of the most common developmental disabilities (Harris Weiss, 1998). Autism 5 For reasons researchers don not know, autism occurs about three to four times more frequently in boys than in girls. For children with more severe cognitive limitations, the ratio is closer to two to one. For the group of children with higher cognitive skills, boys are more frequently represented at a rate greater than four to one. Girls, when affected, are more likely to be more seriously affected by symptoms of autism (Quill, 1995, p. 219). To many experts and parents the number of children with autism seems to be increasing at a faster pace than before. In fact, some recent research studies of the occurrence of autism suggest that it is twice as high as previous studies had indicated (Jordan Powell, 1995). Fortunately, the understanding of the needs of children is changing just as is the care applied to the diagnostic process. This is leading to better understanding of the importance of tailoring educational, social, and communication involvement to the needs and strengths of children with autism (Quill, 1995, p. 167). Autism 6 When autism was identified in 1943, it was a disorder that was misinterpreted and puzzled most professionals. Since than, studies have given us understanding into autism as a brain based disorder which children are born with. Though no cure has been found to date to treat children with autism, researchers are on the brink of discovery one (Harris Weiss, 1998). .

Learning and development in working with young people Essay

Learning and development in working with young people - Essay Example Therefore, Madcap main idea is to assist these groups of young children by allowing them to explore themselves and put their ideas into practice and things they want to achieve by giving them the opportunity (Steve, Madcap Sequence, 7). Practices and Work There are a number of practices involved in this learning centre as it comprises of different young people with diversified interest to pursue. Because of this, the youngsters work in music projects on their own as the learning centre gives them support towards achieving their ideas. The workers help them in building confidence to enable them cope with their ideas and realize the value of their own ideas. Thereafter, the workers leave them to allow them exploit the opportunities. The workers role is to give them the opportunity and assist them with minimal help towards realizing their ideas. Similarly, the youngsters undergo gauging to make them have insights of what they are involved by shedding more light into their own projects ( Steve, Madcap Sequence, 7). This is a practice meant at ensuring that youngsters develop insights and understand their projects more so music to better their values and outcomes as well as to bring what is good about it. Madcap is concerned with recording music produced by the youngsters. It offers the available support to its youngsters to enable then listen and produce their music to meet their objectives. From the scripts, James came to record his music by recording it with the help of Steve who is one of the workers responsible for their training (James, Madcap Sequence 1). The role of the worker is to ensure the availability of recording equipments and facilities. Therefore, the main role is played by the youngsters in ensuring they achieve their dream from the assistance got from workers. In Madcap, the workers are not judgmental, and this aims to promote their talents by encouraging them to doing what inessential for them. Creativity of the youngsters is promoted in the proje cts in the initial stages, as they are kept smiling and feeling the sense that their ideas have values. Youngsters also role out the plans, which outlines what is taking place and ways of achieving them. This may comprise of different activities besides just completing the project offered by the learning centre. They also give the centre the details of the purpose of what it they want to achieve from their projects. Their goals may be to develop a compact disk (cd), live performance or just to set lyrics and the centre helps them towards achieving (Steve, Madcap Sequence, 7). Madcap provides assistances to youngsters in different activities that they have developed interests. It empowers the youngsters on how they can develop their talents, come up with raw ideas, and help them achieve. The project discourages duplication of ideas as it wants to help young people come with new projects, which are unique and do not exist (Man in Cap, Madcap Sequence, 2). Because of this, the centre d iscourages mixing music and asks youngsters to come with unique ways of arranging instruments used in mixing to make it a unique idea. From this perspective, they help young people in playing instruments mostly guitars (Girl Madcap Sequence, 2). The project coaches students towards realizing their potentials and developing ideas they have by giving them necessary support where they experience challenges. The work

Geography of Desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geography of Desire - Essay Example In addition, people tend to possess a certain kind of attitude and cliche in the way that they lead their lives. This can be explained by the fact the urban environment in the area has certain emotional and psychological effects on the people. Hollywood environment brings out a certain glitz and glamour of the lifestyles led by the people. This starts from the beautiful scenery surrounding the district. To the north, the district is bordered by the Hollywood hills that bring out a certain natural sense of its environment. Therefore, nature has been well preserved in the district to keep the environment well grown and furnished. This is a way of upholding the beauty of the place. In addition, Hollywood is also known for its clean and well developed streets that bring out the whole picture of the major industry of the district, which is the acting industry (Wilson, 10). For instance, Hollywood Boulevard is a street that is rarely jammed up with vehicles due to its spacious definition. The economy of the district has grown significantly due to the income generated from the film industry. A congressional research analysis carried out in the city showed that the city’s economy has thrived greatly since, the motion picture and sound recording industries contribute close to 5% of the overall GDP of the area (Masnick, 1). In addition, news also showed that the film and recording industry was not seriously affected by the great depression as compared to other industries, which were almost closing down. Hollywood is a city that is slightly densely populated and thus, the labor supply is high. However, due to the many production industries, the demand for labor is also high thus, keeping the level of unemployment very low. This is especially supported by the fact that most of the people in the district are mainly involved in the film production industry. The transport systems are also well developed since the culture of area mainly involves use of private cars as o pposed to public means of transport (Masnick, 1). This can be explained by the fact that, Hollywood people have embraced driving themselves. Social aspects of Hollywood can be judged as being carefree and happy-go-lucky. The filming industry has grown to extremes that tend to create a certain image in people’s minds. People in the city tend to ape the ways of the films that they watch (Medved, 15). Therefore, the morality of Hollywood has always been in doubt. Recent news given by the New York Times newspaper showed that; unlike the older films, the current films produced in Hollywood were full of excessive and lustful kissing scenes, nudity, profanity and scenes full of passion (Sarfati, 1). Such films changed the culture of Hollywood into a different era that encouraged adultery and crime. Therefore, the culture of the city has changed into that of a city with a very low level of morality. However, Hollywood is also a place that is filled with creativity and invention. Each day different ways of doing things is invented in the city. Partying and clubbing are also a common culture in Hollywood. Families also tend to hold tea parties, get-togethers and family reunions that bring people together (Wilson, 18). The political environment in Hollywood does not play a major role in shaping the culture of the city since; being a district within Los Angeles, Hollywood does not hold its own municipal government. However, the city used to have a mayor by the name Johnny Grant who directed the city’

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT Assignment

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT - Assignment Example In addition, there was no synchronization linking paper and electronic information policies and the need to maintain privacy with justifiably free information. This poor quality documentation may be frequent since national attempts at consistency often get deafen by the absolute complication of the patient care (Michelle, 2006, P. 97). Even though, they do not say so openly, it might be incidental that until keeping the high-quality case records begins to matter enough to clinicians; slight general or no reliable adjust can be anticipated. There is a lack of standardized approaches to the documentation that would permit continuous records evaluated requirements, and resultant strategies of health care. Following a number of services, every qualified group is still using separate case remarks, held or kept in diverse places, and not expected to be accessible when needed. The place of storing case records in the practice of local health services might show slight pleasure of their significance. Take a situation where the hospital would like to attend to an emergency patient. The Health information management does this. This office is ten miles far from the scene, and this is where the records are kept. Since there is a lack of an electronic system, the doctors cannot verify easily on the past contact of the patient they are about to interrogate. Local tradition does not make access to any available case record in the health centre. During the operational hours, if it is identified that a case file is available, the medi cal records physician may be convinced to fax a few of the most current letters stored in the case record. Unfortunately, no such skill would exist. The excellent idea the doctor can then anticipate is that a nurse in the hospital delicate area knows the patient and be able to give some related information. Under such conditions, practice can only be based on guesswork and speculations. Coppin state community health care is a

Risk in a New Era of Catastrophes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk in a New Era of Catastrophes - Essay Example Florida is among the states that depict high probability of facing natural calamities. Insurers, in finding out the states that mostly fall victims of natural disasters, unveiled that Florida is leading in the category. This was via applying exceedance probability (EP) curves besides incorporating prediction models, which used Florida as an illustrative example (Wharton University of Pennsylvania 7). Additional states encompass New York, Texas and S. Carolina who constitute the similar category. Studies revealed a loss of at least $10billion incurred in the state where future predications showed an increase due to the augmented occurrence of the disasters. Furthermore, due to the current climate alterations, there is an increasing and evident trend of natural calamities, which sometimes their intensities are unpredictable. Global warming has greatly yielded to frequent climate anomalies threatening nations presently (Wharton University of Pennsylvania 4). These encompass hurricanes a nd tornados that lead to immeasurable property obliteration besides human deaths. Predictions by some assorted studies indicate that the trend of natural calamities may continue to augment, where the occurrence will be unpredictable, hence finding people unaware. Final stage anticipation regards the number of insured people. Studies indicate that citizens have diverse reasons that may compel them either to buy insurance or refuse to have any coverage. People’s arguments are diverse where some state that the insurance according to their income it is high-priced whereas others do not see the essence, since that is the mandate of a state, which it has to fulfill actively. Besides, those insured their coverage is insufficient especially when catastrophes occur. Since after the catastrophe, victims require numerous things besides medicine and food, in which agencies have to provide (Wharton University of Pennsylvania

Documentary Realism in Films Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Documentary Realism in Films - Movie Review Example In the discussion and analysis in this paper, three kinds of films are analyzed based on their social function-specifically, how each film represent a criticism of war and conflict at different periods in history. These films are "Fahrenheit 9/11," "Life is Beautiful," and "The Aviator," which are categorized as documentary, fiction, and non-fiction films, respectively. These films are analyzed and interpreted based on their ability to provide a critical look at the conflicts that occurred and which became the basis-primary or otherwise-for the development of the narrative in each. The analysis posits that the three films criticize war and conflict in various ways. "Fahrenheit 9/11" criticizes the political instability caused by the offensive attack that US waged against Iraq, causing greater discord between the Middle Eastern nations and US and its allies. "Life is Beautiful" reflected the absurdity of World War II, as millions of lives, particularly Jews, were unnecessarily lost as a result of the genocide imposed on them by Adolf Hitler of Germany. Lastly, "The Aviator" provides an in-depth look at the lives of the people in the context of Howard Hughes' life and using the World War II as the socio-political background. In it, the film reflected the politico-economic machineries that motivated and supported World War II, uncovering also the politics that occurs 'behind the scenes,' the politicking of businessmen and aircraft manufacturers in order to benefit best and profit the most from the war. Apart from these comparisons among the three films in terms of their depiction and critical interpretation of war and conflict, this paper also looks into the differences in the execution of the directors in depicting these interpretations into film. For "Fahrenheit," Moore's critical look at the 9/11 bombing and US invasion of Iraq is more explicit and direct, in the sense that real film clips were used to critically interpret the Bush administration's actions before, during, and after the tragic event. "Life" provides a different execution as well, weaving its criticism into the story of Guido's family as Jews persecuted for their race and religion. However, unlike Moore's "Fahrenheit," Benigni's film depicts a fictional scenario put into a real event in human history. "Aviator," meanwhile, illustrates the life of Howard Hughes, depicting his life and achievements and chronicling the events relevant and significant to his development as an important personality in both the entertainment and automotive businesses, as well as politics. In understanding the contrasts among "Fahrenheit," "Life," and "Aviator," it is vital to understand first their crucial differences. "Fahrenheit" is a realist documentary, because it provides real images and accounts of events surrounding the 9/11 bombing, events that Moore had organized in a manner that provides support to his criticisms and arguments against President Bush and the administration. As explicated by Bordwell and Thompson (1997), a documentary does convey truth in that it illustrates "events as they actually occur," but it can also be depicted realistically when the director 'controls the editing of the images' to be included in the film. A documentary is realistically portrayed even if these

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT Assignment

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT - Assignment Example In addition, there was no synchronization linking paper and electronic information policies and the need to maintain privacy with justifiably free information. This poor quality documentation may be frequent since national attempts at consistency often get deafen by the absolute complication of the patient care (Michelle, 2006, P. 97). Even though, they do not say so openly, it might be incidental that until keeping the high-quality case records begins to matter enough to clinicians; slight general or no reliable adjust can be anticipated. There is a lack of standardized approaches to the documentation that would permit continuous records evaluated requirements, and resultant strategies of health care. Following a number of services, every qualified group is still using separate case remarks, held or kept in diverse places, and not expected to be accessible when needed. The place of storing case records in the practice of local health services might show slight pleasure of their significance. Take a situation where the hospital would like to attend to an emergency patient. The Health information management does this. This office is ten miles far from the scene, and this is where the records are kept. Since there is a lack of an electronic system, the doctors cannot verify easily on the past contact of the patient they are about to interrogate. Local tradition does not make access to any available case record in the health centre. During the operational hours, if it is identified that a case file is available, the medi cal records physician may be convinced to fax a few of the most current letters stored in the case record. Unfortunately, no such skill would exist. The excellent idea the doctor can then anticipate is that a nurse in the hospital delicate area knows the patient and be able to give some related information. Under such conditions, practice can only be based on guesswork and speculations. Coppin state community health care is a

Documentary Realism in Films Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Documentary Realism in Films - Movie Review Example In the discussion and analysis in this paper, three kinds of films are analyzed based on their social function-specifically, how each film represent a criticism of war and conflict at different periods in history. These films are "Fahrenheit 9/11," "Life is Beautiful," and "The Aviator," which are categorized as documentary, fiction, and non-fiction films, respectively. These films are analyzed and interpreted based on their ability to provide a critical look at the conflicts that occurred and which became the basis-primary or otherwise-for the development of the narrative in each. The analysis posits that the three films criticize war and conflict in various ways. "Fahrenheit 9/11" criticizes the political instability caused by the offensive attack that US waged against Iraq, causing greater discord between the Middle Eastern nations and US and its allies. "Life is Beautiful" reflected the absurdity of World War II, as millions of lives, particularly Jews, were unnecessarily lost as a result of the genocide imposed on them by Adolf Hitler of Germany. Lastly, "The Aviator" provides an in-depth look at the lives of the people in the context of Howard Hughes' life and using the World War II as the socio-political background. In it, the film reflected the politico-economic machineries that motivated and supported World War II, uncovering also the politics that occurs 'behind the scenes,' the politicking of businessmen and aircraft manufacturers in order to benefit best and profit the most from the war. Apart from these comparisons among the three films in terms of their depiction and critical interpretation of war and conflict, this paper also looks into the differences in the execution of the directors in depicting these interpretations into film. For "Fahrenheit," Moore's critical look at the 9/11 bombing and US invasion of Iraq is more explicit and direct, in the sense that real film clips were used to critically interpret the Bush administration's actions before, during, and after the tragic event. "Life" provides a different execution as well, weaving its criticism into the story of Guido's family as Jews persecuted for their race and religion. However, unlike Moore's "Fahrenheit," Benigni's film depicts a fictional scenario put into a real event in human history. "Aviator," meanwhile, illustrates the life of Howard Hughes, depicting his life and achievements and chronicling the events relevant and significant to his development as an important personality in both the entertainment and automotive businesses, as well as politics. In understanding the contrasts among "Fahrenheit," "Life," and "Aviator," it is vital to understand first their crucial differences. "Fahrenheit" is a realist documentary, because it provides real images and accounts of events surrounding the 9/11 bombing, events that Moore had organized in a manner that provides support to his criticisms and arguments against President Bush and the administration. As explicated by Bordwell and Thompson (1997), a documentary does convey truth in that it illustrates "events as they actually occur," but it can also be depicted realistically when the director 'controls the editing of the images' to be included in the film. A documentary is realistically portrayed even if these

Hot IPOs Can Damage your Long-Run Wealth! Essay Example for Free

Hot IPOs Can Damage your Long-Run Wealth! Essay This paper investigates the links between hot markets, long run underperformance and venture capital in the UK using a unique sample of 593 IPOs for the 1985-2003 period. It finds no evidence for long run underperformance for the full sample but does find robust support for significant underperformance during hot markets. The significant hot market return differential relative to the first day trading is consistent with investor sentiment and market timing. The differential relative to the offer price is also statistically significant thereby confirming Ljungqvist et al. ’s (2006) first prediction and providing further support for long run underperformance by hot market IPOs. The evidence does not support certification hypotheses. Hot-market, venture-backed IPOs underperform very significantly while their non-venture counterparts suffer substantial negative returns for only three years post-IPO. Similarly, the significantly negative relationship between underpricing and long-term returns for venture-backed IPOs during hot markets furnishes evidence of market timing. Industry analysis reveals that the return differential is significant for the high-technology sector both for the full sample and separately for venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. Indeed a majority of high-technology firms in the sample went public during hot markets. Cross-sectional regressions provide additional support for significant underperformance by high-technology firms in hot markets for the whole sample and non-venture IPOs. Finally, IPOs in general and venture-backed IPOs in particular with strong pre-IPO earnings growth generated significantly superior performance in all periods. The impact was most marked during hot markets, suggesting a role for robust pre-IPO operating results in determining the likelihood of long-term performance. 1. Introduction Loughran and Ritter (1995) find for a sample of almost 5000 US IPOs 1970-1990 that investors receive annual returns of just 7% on average in the five post-issue years. To place this underperformance in context, investors would have had to invest a staggering 44% more in issuers than in similar-sized non-issuers to achieve the same terminal wealth. Their graphic conclusion is that â€Å"Investing in firms issuing stock is hazardous for your wealth† (Ibid. p. 46). Long run underperformance has puzzled researchers in financial economics ever since and is identified by Ritter and Welch (2002) as possibly the most controversial area of IPO research. This paper has three objectives. The first is empirically to test hypotheses related to hot markets and especially some of those proposed by Ljungqvist, Nanda and Singh (2006). To our knowledge the latter has not been done to date. Ljungqvist et al. argue that investor sentiment is the underlying cause of the IPO underperformance anomaly. They propose that a test of underperformance in hot markets relative to the offer price rather than the first day trading price provides a tougher hurdle. We adduce empirical support for significant underperformance in hot markets relative to both the first day trading price and to the offer price. These are in line with those of Ritter (1991), Cook, Jarrell and Kieschnick (2003) and Helwege and Liang (2004) and Derrien (2005) who link investor sentiment to hot markets. Our results are in agreement with recent findings for IPO markets in other countries. Helwege and Liang (2004) compare US firms going public in hot and cold markets during 1975-2000 and examine their performance over the following five years. Both hot and cold market IPOs are found in the same narrow set of industries and hot markets occur at the same time for many industries. Their results suggest that hot markets reflect greater investor optimism rather than other factors. Cook et al. (2003) also find that US IPOs during hot markets have lower long-term returns than IPOs during cold markets due to sentiment investors driving prices beyond their fair value. Derrien (2005) is one of the few hot market studies to focus on a non-US market. His findings support the view that IPOs occurring during bullish market conditions in France are overpriced. The second objective is to explore the links between long run underperformance and hot markets for a sample of UK IPOs. In this context it is the first attempt to investigate such links in the UK which boasts one of the largest and most developed capital markets outside the United States. Ibbotson and Jaffe (1975) and Ritter (1984) pioneered the hot markets concept. They documented the existence of hot periods of high IPO volume (underpricing) where subsequent underperformance tends to be more dramatic. The implication is that market timing is uppermost in issuers’ minds when taking advantage of market sentiment in such periods. Our UK sample comprises of a set of 593 venture-backed and non-venture IPOs on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange over the period from 1985 up to 2003. The advantages of this sample are twofold. On one hand, it is a relatively large sample according to the definition of Ritter (2003) who points out that Japan and the UK are the only countries other than the US that can muster IPO samples in excess of 500. On the other hand and more importantly, our UK IPO sample differs in one fundamental aspect from US samples. The latter contain a large proportion of high-technology firms while our UK sample is more evenly distributed by industry. Thus our data should provide a basis for robust hypothesis testing of aspects of long run underperformance. The third objective of the paper is to explore the conjecture first postulated by Brav and Gompers (1997) that venture capitalists play an important role in explaining the underperformance puzzle. They show that US venture-backed IPOs outperform non-venture IPOs five years after the offer date and conclude that underperformance primarily resides in small non-venture IPOs which are the most likely to be influenced by investor sentiment. However, our sample shows no significant difference in returns between venture-backed and non-venture IPOs in contrast to the Brav and Gompers (1997) findings. The return differential between hot and normal markets is highly significant for venture-backed IPOs although it is only marginally significant for non-venture firms. Industry analysis reveals that this return differential is significant for the high-technology sector for both the full sample and separately for venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. We find some evidence of venture capitalists exploiting investor sentiment during hot markets which is confirmed by a significantly negative relationship between underpricing and long-term returns for venture-backed IPOs during hot markets. This latter finding contrasts with that of Helwege and Liang (2004) who find no significant role for venture capital presence during either hot or cold markets in the US. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. In section 2 the literature on long run IPO performance, venture capital involvement and investor sentiment is reviewed. Section 3 describes the data and methodology related to performance measurement. Section 4 discusses the empirical results of univariate sorts and cross-sectional regressions. A final section concludes. 2. Hot Markets and Long-run IPO Underperformance 2. 1 The underperformance anomaly While long run underperformance is well documented for the USA, results for other countries such as the UK are rather limited. Levis (1993) used a sample of 712 UK IPOs 1980-1988 to document significant long-term IPO underperformance 36 months after the first trading day. Espenlaub, Gregory and Tonks (2000) re-examine the evidence on the long-term returns of IPOs for a sample of 588 UK IPOs 1985-1992. Using an event-time framework, they find substantial negative abnormal returns after the first three years irrespective of the benchmark used. Although some researchers underline the role of hot IPO markets, only a few empirical studies have so far compared long-run performance in hot and cold (normal) markets. Helwege and Liang (2004) study a US sample of 3,698 IPOs between 1975 and 2000. Distinguishing between hot, cold and neutral markets they find both hot and neutral market IPOs tend to underperform while cold market IPOs tend to outperform a variety of benchmarks. After adjusting for economic conditions, they find little evidence for cross-sectional differences between the characteristics of hot and cold market IPOs and no significant difference between their post-issue operating performances. These findings lead the authors to conclude that hot markets are primarily driven by investor optimism. Similarly, Cook et al. (2003), using 6,080 US IPOs between 1980 and 2002, show that IPOs during hot markets tend to perform more poorly than IPOs during cold markets. They find that IPOs trade at higher valuations and their offer sizes are larger during hot markets and that these firms are less likely to survive. They conclude that investor sentiment is a more important feature of IPO markets then hitherto recognised. Non-US studies are rare but Derrien (2005) is a notable exception. He develops a model in which bullish noise trader sentiment during hot markets leads to overpriced IPO shares relative to their long-run intrinsic value. Using a sample of 62 IPOs on the French stock exchange for the hot period of 1999 till 2001, he empirically shows that the long-run stock price performance of IPO shares is negatively impacted by investor sentiment. Ljungqvist, Nanda and Singh (2006) build a theoretical model in which the presence of irrational investors leads to hot markets and the associated long-run underperformance. In their model, sentiment investors purchase stock from institutional investors at inflated prices. Underwriters allocate new issues to their institutional client base if there is insufficient sentiment demand, perhaps due to a hot IPO market and many issuers trying to tap the capital markets. These institutional investors then sell off their holdings at increased prices to exuberant investors post-IPO who are driven by market fads. The sentiment driven prices, on the other hand, deflate over time, leading to negative returns. Below we extend the existing hot market studies by empirically testing some of the hypotheses proposed by Ljungqvist et al. (2006). 2. 2 Venture capitalists and investor sentiment While much of this literature stresses asymmetric information and the certification role of venture capitalists, a part of it also ascribes a role to investor sentiment. Brav and Gompers (1997) were the first to test the long-run performance of a sample of new issues disaggregated into venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. They use a sample of 934 venture capital backed IPOs and 3,407 non-venture IPOs in the United States from 1972 through 1992 and show that venture-backed IPOs outperform non-venture IPOs over a five-year period. They conduct an asset pricing analysis and find that venture-backed IPOs do not underperform while non-venture IPOs indicate severe underperformance. Partitioning the non-venture IPOs on the basis of size shows that underperformance resides primarily in small non-venture IPOs. Brav and Gompers (1997) argue that bouts of investor sentiment are a possible explanation for the severe underperformance of small non-venture IPOs because the latter are more likely to be held by individuals. Along similar lines, Megginson and Weiss (1991) show that institutional ownership of IPOs is substantially higher for venture-backed than for non-venture IPOs. They report that institutions hold, on average, 42. 3% of the offer in venture-backed firms as compared to 22. 2% of the amount offered in non-venture backed firms. We employ the hot market concept to shed new light on the role and performance of venture versus non-venture backed firms 3. Data and Methodology 3. 1 Data A unique sample was selected from the IPOs listed on the London Stock Exchange for the period from January 1985 to December 2003. IPOs of investment trusts, financial companies, building societies, privatisation issues, foreign-incorporated companies, unit offerings and spin-offs are excluded. The filtering process also excludes share issues at the time of a relisting after a firm is temporarily suspended or transfers from lower tier markets such as the now defunct Unlisted Securities Market and the Alternative Investment Market. We exclude the latter IPO market established in 1995 since it has no minimum market capitalization and would likely lead to a small company bias. The final sample consists of 593 IPOs of ordinary shares by domestic operating companies on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange with listing methods comprising placements or offers for sale at a fixed price. This is the result of the filters applied to a total of 2,489 IPOs that listed on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange for the period 1985-2003. The sample include some 317 venture-backed and 276 non-venture IPOs. The data sources include Datastream, the London Stock Exchange Quality of Markets Quarterly Reviews, Primary Market Fact Sheets and Yearbooks, IPO prospectuses, Extel Financial microfiches and Thomson Financial Global Access Database.